Exam question 3 · How a language model learns: guessing the next word

Select the response that is consistent with the established facts concerning a conversational program which has been switched off.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, response, established facts · What happens: select, be, establish, concern, switch off · To what, where: response, conversational program

This is exam question 3 of lesson 2 «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 consistent	nsubj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 consistent	cop
6	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 response	acl:relcl
7	with	with	ADP	_	10 facts	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 facts	det
9	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 facts	amod
10	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 consistent	obl
11	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 facts	acl
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 program	det
13	conversational	conversational	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 program	amod
14	program	program	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 concerning	obj
15	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 switched	nsubj:pass
16	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 switched	aux
17	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	18 switched	aux:pass
18	switched	switch	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	14 program	acl:relcl
19	off	off	ADP	_	18 switched	compound:prt
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response		vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	is	present	the response		with the established facts; consistent property	tree rules
3	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
4	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	a conversational program		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus program=Experiencer
5	switch off	present · perfect · passive		a conversational program		vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

No activity whatsoever occurs within it until it is restarted

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	2 activity	det
2	activity	activity	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 occurs	nsubj
3	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	_	4 occurs	advmod
4	occurs	occur	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	within	within	ADP	_	6 it	case
6	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 occurs	obl
7	until	until	SCONJ	_	10 restarted	mark
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 restarted	nsubj:pass
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 restarted	aux:pass
10	restarted	restart	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 occurs	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	occur	present	no activity					within it; whatsoever property	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	restart	present · passive		activity					tree rules

Option 2

It enters a state of sleep accompanied by dreams

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 enters	nsubj
2	enters	enter	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 state	det
4	state	state	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 enters	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 sleep	case
6	sleep	sleep	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 state	nmod
7	accompanied	accompany	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 state	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 dreams	case
9	dreams	dream	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 accompanied	obl:agent

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	enter	present	It	a state of sleep					vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme state=Destination
2	accompany	participle		a state of sleep not said here					vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 3

It continues to reflect upon prior conversations throughout the night

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 continues	nsubj
2	continues	continue	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 reflect	mark
4	reflect	reflect	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 continues	xcomp
5	upon	upon	ADP	_	7 conversations	case
6	prior	prior	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 conversations	amod
7	conversations	conversation	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 reflect	obl
8	throughout	throughout	ADP	_	10 night	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 night	det
10	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 reflect	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	continue	present	It						vn continue-55.3 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	reflect	to-infinitive					night	upon prior conversations	vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

It experiences loneliness in the absence of its users

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 experiences	nsubj
2	experiences	experience	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	loneliness	loneliness	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 experiences	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 absence	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 absence	det
6	absence	absence	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 experiences	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 users	case
8	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 users	nmod:poss
9	users	user	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 absence	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	experience	present	It	loneliness		the absence of absence's users			vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer loneliness=Stimulus
2	absent			absence's users					nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/2-guessing-the-next-word/e3/