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Test 8 · How a language model learns: guessing the next word

Your friend says the bot is "a she, called Alexa or whatever". What is closer to the truth?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: friend · What happens: say, call, be · To what, where: bot · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 8 of lesson 2 «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the AI course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your friend says the bot is "a she, called Alexa or whatever".

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 friend	nmod:poss
2	friend	friend	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 bot	det
5	bot	bot	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 called	nsubj:pass
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 called	aux:pass
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 called	punct
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 called	nsubj:pass
9	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 called	nsubj:pass
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 called	punct
11	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 says	ccomp
12	Alexa	Alexa	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 called	xcomp
13	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 whatever	cc
14	whatever	whatever	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 called	xcomp
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 whatever	punct
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your friend						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	call in a quote	present · passive		the bot					vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is closer to the truth?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 closer	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 closer	cop
3	closer	close	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	6 truth	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 truth	det
6	truth	truth	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 closer	obl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 closer	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						to the truth; close property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A name and voice are labels chosen by its makers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 name	det
2	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 labels	nsubj
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 voice	cc
4	voice	voice	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 name	conj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 labels	cop
6	labels	label	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	chosen	choose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 labels	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	10 makers	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 makers	nmod:poss
10	makers	maker	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 chosen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a name and voice	labels					tree rules
2	choose	participle		labels not said here				by voice's makers	vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 2

It is a woman who works from home and answers questions all day

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 woman	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 woman	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 woman	det
4	woman	woman	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 works	nsubj
6	works	work	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 woman	acl:relcl
7	from	from	ADP	_	8 home	case
8	home	home	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 works	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 answers	cc
10	answers	answer	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 works	conj
11	questions	question	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 answers	obj
12	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	13 day	det
13	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 answers	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a woman					tree rules
2	work	present	a woman			home			vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	answer speech: assert	present	a woman not said here	questions			day		vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent question=Eventuality

Option 3

It chose its own name when it was born

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 chose	nsubj
2	chose	choose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 name	nmod:poss
4	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 name	amod
5	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 chose	obj
6	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	9 born	advmod
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 born	nsubj:pass
8	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 born	aux:pass
9	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 chose	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	choose	past	It	its own name					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme
2	bear	past · passive		name					vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
3	name		its = it						nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Option 4

It is a girl robot hidden in a cupboard

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 robot	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 robot	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 robot	det
4	girl	girl	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 robot	compound
5	robot	robot	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	hidden	hide	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 robot	acl
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 cupboard	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 cupboard	det
9	cupboard	cupboard	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 hidden	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a girl robot					tree rules
2	hide	participle		a girl robot not said here		a cupboard			vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in cupboard=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/2-guessing-the-next-word/t8/