Exam question 2 · In the news: tricked bots, real discoveries, careful words

It is given that a program defeated a world champion at the game of Go. Identify the inference most consistent with the established facts.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: program, you · What happens: give, defeat, identify, establish · To what, where: It, world champion, game, inference

This is exam question 2 of lesson 23 «In the news: tricked bots, real discoveries, careful words» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that a program defeated a world champion at the game of Go.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 defeated	mark
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 program	det
6	program	program	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 defeated	nsubj
7	defeated	defeat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 given	advcl
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 champion	det
9	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 champion	compound
10	champion	champion	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 defeated	obj
11	at	at	ADP	_	13 game	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 game	det
13	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 defeated	obl
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 Go	case
15	Go	Go	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 game	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	defeat	past	a program	a world champion		the game of Go			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Identify the inference most consistent with the established facts.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 inference	det
3	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
4	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	5 consistent	advmod
5	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Identify	ccomp
6	with	with	ADP	_	9 facts	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 facts	det
8	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 facts	amod
9	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 consistent	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the inference					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent inference=Theme
2	establish	participle							vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The program has thereby surpassed humanity in every respect and in every field of activity

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 program	det
2	program	program	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 surpassed	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 surpassed	aux
4	thereby	thereby	ADV	_	5 surpassed	advmod
5	surpassed	surpass	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	humanity	humanity	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 surpassed	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 respect	case
8	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	9 respect	det
9	respect	respect	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 surpassed	obl
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 field	cc
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 field	case
12	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	13 field	det
13	field	field	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 respect	conj
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 activity	case
15	activity	activity	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 field	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	surpass	present · perfect · passive		the program		every respect and every field of activity		thereby property	tree rules

Option 2

The game of Go is consequently of no further interest

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 game	det
2	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 interest	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 Go	case
4	Go	Go	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 game	nmod
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 interest	cop
6	consequently	consequently	ADV	_	10 interest	advmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	10 interest	case
8	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	10 interest	det
9	further	further	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 interest	amod
10	interest	interest	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the game of Go					of no further interest; consequently property	tree rules

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

The program excels at that game, which does not establish general superiority

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 program	det
2	program	program	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 excels	nsubj
3	excels	excel	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	6 game	case
5	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 game	det
6	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 excels	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 establish	punct
8	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 establish	nsubj
9	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 establish	aux
10	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	11 establish	advmod
11	establish	establish	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 game	acl:relcl
12	general	general	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 superiority	amod
13	superiority	superiority	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 establish	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	excel	present	the program			that game			vn succeed-74-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	not establish	present · do-support	that game	general superiority					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent superiority=Patient

Option 4

The champion must have permitted the program to win

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 champion	det
2	champion	champion	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 permitted	nsubj:pass
3	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 permitted	aux
4	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 permitted	aux
5	permitted	permit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 program	det
7	program	program	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 permitted	obj
8	to	to	PART	_	9 win	mark
9	win	win	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 program	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	permit	must · perfect · passive		the champion					vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme program=Location
2	win	to-infinitive							vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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