Exam question 1 · Koalas, wombats, Tasmanian devils and the platypus

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the prolonged rest of the koala?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, prolong · To what, where: prolonged rest

This is exam question 1 of lesson 104 «Koalas, wombats, Tasmanian devils and the platypus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 rest	det
10	prolonged	prolong	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 rest	amod
11	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 koala	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 koala	det
14	koala	koala	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 rest	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the prolonged rest of the koala	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	prolong	participle			vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It results from intoxication by the eucalyptus leaf, which acts upon the koala as a strong drug

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 results	nsubj
2	results	result	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 intoxication	case
4	intoxication	intoxication	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 results	nmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	8 leaf	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 leaf	det
7	eucalyptus	eucalyptus	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 leaf	compound
8	leaf	leaf	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 results	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 acts	punct
10	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 acts	nsubj
11	acts	act	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 results	conj
12	upon	upon	ADP	_	14 koala	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 koala	det
14	koala	koala	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 acts	obl
15	as	as	ADP	_	18 drug	case
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 drug	det
17	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 drug	amod
18	drug	drug	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 acts	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	act	present	results from intoxication by the eucalyptus leaf					upon the koala; as a strong drug	vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as drug=Attribute
2	result		the eucalyptus leaf			intoxication			nom result «phenomenon transitive»: from=place by=agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

It is undertaken by day because the koala hunts by night

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 undertaken	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 undertaken	aux:pass
3	undertaken	undertake	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 day	case
5	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 undertaken	obl
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	9 hunts	mark
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 koala	det
8	koala	koala	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 hunts	nsubj
9	hunts	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 undertaken	advcl
10	by	by	ADP	_	11 night	case
11	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 hunts	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake	present · passive		It			day		vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality
2	hunt	present	the koala				night		vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It conserves the scant energy furnished by eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous and difficult to digest

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 conserves	nsubj
2	conserves	conserve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 energy	det
4	scant	scant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 energy	amod
5	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 conserves	obj
6	furnished	furnish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 energy	acl
7	by	by	ADP	_	9 leaves	case
8	eucalyptus	eucalyptus	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 leaves	compound
9	leaves	leaf	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 furnished	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 poisonous	punct
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 poisonous	nsubj
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 poisonous	cop
13	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 leaves	acl:relcl
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 difficult	cc
15	difficult	difficult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 poisonous	conj
16	to	to	PART	_	17 digest	mark
17	digest	digest	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 difficult	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	conserve	present	It	the scant energy		tree rules
2	furnish	participle		the scant energy not said here	by eucalyptus leaves	vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	is	present	eucalyptus leaves		poisonous property	tree rules
4	be		eucalyptus leaves not said here			tree rules
5	digest	to-infinitive	eucalyptus leaves not said here			tree rules

Option 4

It is observed only during the winter months

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 observed	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 observed	aux:pass
3	observed	observe	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	8 months	advmod
5	during	during	ADP	_	8 months	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 months	det
7	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 months	compound
8	months	month	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 observed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	observe	present · passive		It			month		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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