Exam question 1 · Myth check: do lemmings jump off cliffs?

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the alleged leaping of lemmings from cliffs.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, allege · To what, where: response, alleged leaping

This is exam question 1 of lesson 150 «Myth check: do lemmings jump off cliffs?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 leaping	det
11	alleged	allege	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 leaping	amod
12	leaping	leaping	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 lemmings	case
14	lemmings	lemming	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 leaping	nmod
15	from	from	ADP	_	16 cliffs	case
16	cliffs	cliff	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 lemmings	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the alleged leaping of lemmings from cliffs		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus leaping=Experiencer
4	allege speech: other	participle				vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The notion is a myth, popularised by a film of 1958 in which the scene was contrived

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 notion	det
2	notion	notion	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 myth	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 myth	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 myth	det
5	myth	myth	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 popularised	punct
7	popularised	popularis	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 myth	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	10 film	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 film	det
10	film	film	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 popularised	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 1958	case
12	1958	1958	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	10 film	nmod
13	in	in	ADP	_	14 which	case
14	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 contrived	obl
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 scene	det
16	scene	scene	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 contrived	nsubj:pass
17	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	18 contrived	aux:pass
18	contrived	contrive	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 film	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the notion	a myth			tree rules
2	popularis	participle		a myth not said here		by a film of 1958	tree rules
3	contrive	past · passive		the scene	a film of 1958		vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result

Option 2

The behaviour is confined to the eldest members of a group

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 behaviour	det
2	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 confined	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 confined	aux:pass
4	confined	confine	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	8 members	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 members	det
7	eldest	eld	ADJ	Degree=Sup	8 members	amod
8	members	member	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 confined	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 group	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 group	det
11	group	group	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 members	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	confine	present · passive		the behaviour		the eldest members of a group			vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to member=Destination

Option 3

The behaviour occurs exclusively in the Scandinavian winter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 behaviour	det
2	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 occurs	nsubj
3	occurs	occur	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	3 occurs	advmod
5	in	in	ADP	_	8 winter	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 winter	det
7	Scandinavian	scandinavian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 winter	amod
8	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 occurs	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	occur	present	the behaviour				winter	exclusively property	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

The behaviour is regularly recorded by scientists in all years and in every region where the animal lives

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 behaviour	det
2	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 recorded	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 recorded	aux:pass
4	regularly	regularly	ADV	_	5 recorded	advmod
5	recorded	record	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 scientists	case
7	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 recorded	obl
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 years	case
9	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	10 years	det
10	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 recorded	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 region	cc
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 region	case
13	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	14 region	det
14	region	region	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 years	conj
15	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	18 lives	advmod
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 animal	det
17	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 lives	nsubj
18	lives	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 region	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	record	present · passive	scientists	the behaviour			year	regularly property	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
2	live	present	the animal						vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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