Exam question 1 · The great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans

Identify the principal significance of the observation made by Jane Goodall at Gombe in 1960.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: identify, make · To what, where: principal significance, observation, 1960

This is exam question 1 of lesson 16 «The great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 significance	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 significance	amod
4	significance	significance	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 observation	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 observation	det
7	observation	observation	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 significance	nmod
8	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 observation	acl
9	by	by	ADP	_	11 Goodall	case
10	Jane	Jane	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 Goodall	compound
11	Goodall	Goodall	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 made	obl:agent
12	at	at	ADP	_	13 Gombe	case
13	Gombe	Gombe	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 Goodall	nmod
14	in	in	ADP	_	15 1960	case
15	1960	1960	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	8 made	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal significance of the observation					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent significance=Theme
2	make	participle		the observation not said here		1960			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It established that termites cultivate chimpanzees

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 established	nsubj
2	established	establish	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	5 cultivate	mark
4	termites	termite	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cultivate	nsubj
5	cultivate	cultivate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 established	advcl
6	chimpanzees	chimpanzee	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cultivate	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past	It						vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
2	cultivate	present	termites	chimpanzees					vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chimpanzee=Product

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

It demonstrated that animals other than humans manufacture tools

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 demonstrated	nsubj
2	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 manufacture	mark
4	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 manufacture	nsubj
5	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 animals	amod
6	than	than	ADP	_	7 humans	case
7	humans	human	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 other	obl
8	manufacture	manufacture	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 demonstrated	advcl
9	tools	tool	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 manufacture	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	demonstrate	past	It						vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	manufacture	present	animals	tools					vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tool=Result

Option 3

It demonstrated that gorillas consume meat habitually

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 demonstrated	nsubj
2	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	5 consume	mark
4	gorillas	gorilla	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 consume	nsubj
5	consume	consume	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 demonstrated	ccomp
6	meat	meat	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 consume	obj
7	habitually	habitually	ADV	_	5 consume	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	demonstrate	past	It						vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot clause=Topic
2	consume	present	gorillas	meat				habitually property	vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meat=Asset

Option 4

It demonstrated that chimpanzees are incapable of using tools

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 demonstrated	nsubj
2	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	6 incapable	mark
4	chimpanzees	chimpanzee	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 incapable	nsubj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 incapable	cop
6	incapable	incapable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 demonstrated	xcomp
7	of	of	SCONJ	_	8 using	mark
8	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 incapable	advcl
9	tools	tool	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 using	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	demonstrate	past	It			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	is	present	chimpanzees		incapable property	tree rules
3	use	gerund	chimpanzees not said here	tools		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tool=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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