Exam question 3 · The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish an…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the conduct of the African lungfish during drought?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, conduct · To what, where: conduct, African lungfish

This is exam question 3 of lesson 160 «The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish and hidden birds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 conduct	det
10	conduct	conduct	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 lungfish	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 lungfish	det
13	African	African	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 lungfish	amod
14	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 conduct	nmod
15	during	during	ADP	_	16 drought	case
16	drought	drought	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the conduct of the African lungfish	during drought	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	conduct		the African lungfish			nom conduct «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It ascends into the trees until the rains resume

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 ascends	nsubj
2	ascends	ascend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	into	into	ADP	_	5 trees	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 trees	det
5	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 ascends	obl
6	until	until	ADP	_	9 resume	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 rains	det
8	rains	rain	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 resume	compound
9	resume	resume	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 ascends	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascend	present	It			the trees	until rains resume		vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into tree=Initial_Location

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It encases itself in mud and a cocoon of slime and breathes air until the return of rain

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 encases	nsubj
2	encases	encase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	2 encases	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 mud	case
5	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 encases	obl
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 cocoon	cc
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 cocoon	det
8	cocoon	cocoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 mud	conj
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 slime	case
10	slime	slime	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 cocoon	nmod
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 breathes	cc
12	breathes	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 encases	conj
13	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 breathes	obj
14	until	until	ADP	_	16 return	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 return	det
16	return	return	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 breathes	obl
17	of	of	ADP	_	18 rain	case
18	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 return	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	encase	present	It	itself = it	mud and a cocoon of slime		tree rules
2	breathe	present		air		until the return of rain	vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
3	return		rain				nom return «communication intransitive»: of=agent

Option 3

It migrates overland to the nearest permanent river, travelling by night upon its fins

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 migrates	nsubj
2	migrates	migrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	overland	overland	ADV	_	2 migrates	advmod
4	to	to	ADP	_	8 river	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 river	det
6	nearest	near	ADJ	Degree=Sup	8 river	amod
7	permanent	permanent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 river	amod
8	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 migrates	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 travelling	punct
10	travelling	travel	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 migrates	advcl
11	by	by	ADP	_	12 night	case
12	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 travelling	obl
13	upon	upon	ADP	_	15 fins	case
14	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 fins	nmod:poss
15	fins	fin	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 travelling	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	migrate	present	It					to the nearest permanent river; overland property	tree rules
2	travel	gerund				river's fins	night		vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon fin=Trajectory

Option 4

It perishes upon the evaporation of the water

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 perishes	nsubj
2	perishes	perish	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	upon	upon	ADP	_	5 evaporation	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 evaporation	det
5	evaporation	evaporation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 perishes	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 water	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 water	det
8	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 evaporation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	perish	present	It					upon the evaporation of the water	vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
2	evaporate			the water					nom evaporation «process transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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