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Test 4 · The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish an…

A tigerfish leaps at a bird skimming over the water. Why can that work?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: tigerfish, bird, that · What happens: leap, skim, work · To what, where: water

This is test 4 of lesson 160 «The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish and hidden birds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A tigerfish leaps at a bird skimming over the water.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 tigerfish	det
2	tigerfish	tigerfish	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 leaps	nsubj
3	leaps	leap	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	6 bird	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 bird	det
6	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 leaps	obl
7	skimming	skim	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 bird	acl
8	over	over	ADP	_	10 water	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 water	det
10	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 skimming	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 leaps	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leap	present	a tigerfish					at a bird	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at bird=Trajectory
2	skim	gerund	a bird not said here			the water			vn wipe_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why can that work?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	4 work	advmod
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 work	aux
3	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	4 work	nsubj
4	work	work	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 work	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	work	can	that						vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It hunts fast and has long teeth that trap prey

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 hunts	nsubj
2	hunts	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	2 hunts	advmod
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 has	cc
5	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 hunts	conj
6	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 teeth	amod
7	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 has	obj
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 trap	nsubj
9	trap	trap	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 teeth	acl:relcl
10	prey	prey	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 trap	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hunt	present	It					fast property	vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	have	present		long teeth					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient
3	trap	present	long teeth	prey					vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Patient

Option 2

It shoots a jet of water at the bird to knock it down

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 shoots	nsubj
2	shoots	shoot	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 jet	det
4	jet	jet	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 shoots	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 water	case
6	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 jet	nmod
7	at	at	ADP	_	9 bird	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 bird	det
9	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 shoots	obl
10	to	to	PART	_	11 knock	mark
11	knock	knock	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 shoots	advcl
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 knock	obj
13	down	down	ADP	_	11 knock	compound:prt

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shoot	present	It	a jet of water				at the bird	vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent jet=Theme at bird=Destination
2	knock down	to-infinitive		jet					vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent it=Patient

Option 3

It can leap out and fly for a few metres above the water

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 leap	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 leap	aux
3	leap	leap	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	out	out	ADP	_	3 leap	compound:prt
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 fly	cc
6	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 leap	conj
7	for	for	ADP	_	10 metres	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 metres	det
9	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 metres	amod
10	metres	metre	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 fly	obl
11	above	above	ADP	_	13 water	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 water	det
13	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fly	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leap out	can	It						vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	fly	infinitive				the water		for a few metres	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme above water=Location

Option 4

It is not a fish at all but a bird that dives into the river

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 fish	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 fish	cop
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 fish	advmod
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 fish	det
5	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 all	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 fish	nmod
8	but	but	CCONJ	_	10 bird	cc
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 bird	det
10	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 fish	conj
11	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 dives	nsubj
12	dives	dive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 fish	parataxis
13	into	into	ADP	_	15 river	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 river	det
15	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 dives	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is a	present	It	a fish but a bird		all			tree rules
2	dive	present	that			the river			vn meander-47.7 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into river=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/160-the-congo-river/t4/