Test 11 · ★★★ · How close are apes to us?

Why can a human run a marathon in the heat when a chimp could not?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: run · To what, where: marathon, heat

This is test 11 · ★★★ of lesson 17 «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 run	advmod
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 run	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 run	det
4	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 run	amod
5	run	run	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 marathon	det
7	marathon	marathon	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 run	obj
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 heat	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 heat	det
10	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 run	obl
11	when	when	SCONJ	_	14 could	mark
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 chimp	det
13	chimp	chimp	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 could	nsubj
14	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 run	advcl
15	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	14 could	advmod
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 run	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	run	can		a marathon		the heat			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent marathon=Theme in heat=Trajectory

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

We have more legs than a chimp

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 legs	amod
4	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	than	than	ADP	_	7 chimp	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 chimp	det
7	chimp	chimp	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 have	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	We	more legs				than a chimp	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Patient

Option 2

We breathe through our skin, which cools us down as we run along

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 breathe	nsubj
2	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	through	through	ADP	_	5 skin	case
4	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 skin	nmod:poss
5	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 breathe	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 cools	punct
7	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 cools	nsubj
8	cools	cool	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 skin	acl:relcl
9	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	8 cools	obj
10	down	down	ADP	_	8 cools	compound:prt
11	as	as	SCONJ	_	13 run	mark
12	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	13 run	nsubj
13	run	run	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 cools	advcl
14	along	along	ADV	_	13 run	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	We		our skin		vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	cool down	present	our skin	us			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent we=Patient
3	run along	present	we			along property	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

We sweat a lot and have little fur, so we stay cool

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 sweat	nsubj
2	sweat	sweat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 lot	det
4	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sweat	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 have	cc
6	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 sweat	conj
7	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 fur	amod
8	fur	fur	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 have	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 stay	punct
10	so	so	ADV	_	12 stay	advmod
11	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	12 stay	nsubj
12	stay	stay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 sweat	parataxis
13	cool	cool	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 stay	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	sweat	present	We	a lot		vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent lot=Theme
2	have	present	We not said here	little fur		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fur=Patient
3	stay	present	we		cool property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

Chimps are allergic to running

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Chimps	chimp	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 allergic	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 allergic	cop
3	allergic	allergic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	to	to	SCONJ	_	5 running	mark
5	running	run	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 allergic	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Chimps					allergic property	tree rules
2	run	gerund	Chimps not said here						vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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