Exam question 1 · The fish tank: water, gills, heaters and the right neighbo…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the necessity of cycling a newly established aquarium?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: necessity · What happens: follow, characteris, cycle, establish · To what, where: necessity, established aquarium

This is exam question 1 of lesson 203 «The fish tank: water, gills, heaters and the right neighbours» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 necessity	det
10	necessity	necessity	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	SCONJ	_	12 cycling	mark
12	cycling	cycle	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 necessity	acl
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 aquarium	det
14	newly	newly	ADV	_	15 established	advmod
15	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 aquarium	amod
16	aquarium	aquarium	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 cycling	obj
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the necessity	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	cycle	gerund	the necessity not said here	a established aquarium		vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme aquarium=Location
4	establish	participle			newly property	vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Time is required for beneficial bacteria to develop which break down the waste of the fish

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 required	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 required	aux:pass
3	required	require	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	for	for	ADP	_	6 bacteria	case
5	beneficial	beneficial	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 bacteria	amod
6	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 required	obl
7	to	to	PART	_	8 develop	mark
8	develop	develop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 required	xcomp
9	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 break	nsubj
10	break	break	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 required	parataxis
11	down	down	ADP	_	10 break	compound:prt
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 waste	det
13	waste	waste	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 break	obj
14	of	of	ADP	_	16 fish	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 fish	det
16	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 waste	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	require	present · passive	Time	for beneficial bacteria	vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic
2	develop	to-infinitive			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	break down	present	the waste of the fish		vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent waste=Patient

Option 2

The fish must be trained to swim in circles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fish	det
2	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 trained	nsubj:pass
3	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 trained	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 trained	aux:pass
5	trained	train	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 swim	mark
7	swim	swim	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 trained	xcomp
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 circles	case
9	circles	circle	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 swim	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	train	must · passive		the fish					vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Theme clause=Attribute
2	swim	to-infinitive	the fish not said here			circles			vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in circle=Trajectory

Option 3

The glass must be allowed to harden

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 glass	det
2	glass	glass	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 allowed	nsubj:pass
3	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 allowed	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 allowed	aux:pass
5	allowed	allow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 harden	mark
7	harden	harden	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 allowed	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	allow	must · passive		the glass					vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality
2	harden not said to happen	to-infinitive	the glass not said here						vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

The water must be boiled before the fish are introduced, so that no living thing remains in it

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 water	det
2	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 boiled	nsubj:pass
3	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 boiled	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 boiled	aux:pass
5	boiled	boil	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	before	before	SCONJ	_	10 introduced	mark
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 fish	det
8	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 introduced	nsubj:pass
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 introduced	aux:pass
10	introduced	introduce	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 boiled	advcl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 remains	punct
12	so	so	SCONJ	ExtPos=SCONJ	17 remains	mark
13	that	that	SCONJ	_	12 so	fixed
14	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	16 thing	det
15	living	living	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 thing	compound
16	thing	thing	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 remains	nsubj
17	remains	remain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 boiled	conj
18	in	in	ADP	_	19 it	case
19	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 remains	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	boil	must · passive		the water		vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient
2	introduce	present · passive		the fish		vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
3	remain	present	no living thing		in fish	vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in it=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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