Exam question 1 · Pigs: mud, snouts and brains

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the practice of wallowing in mud among pigs?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: practice · What happens: follow, characteris, wallow · To what, where: practice, mud

This is exam question 1 of lesson 210 «Pigs: mud, snouts and brains» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 practice	det
10	practice	practice	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	SCONJ	_	12 wallowing	mark
12	wallowing	wallow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 practice	acl
13	in	in	ADP	_	14 mud	case
14	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 wallowing	obl
15	among	among	ADP	_	16 pigs	case
16	pigs	pig	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 wallowing	obl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund					vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the practice		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	wallow	gerund	the practice not said here		mud	among pigs	vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Wallowing serves solely to conceal the animal from predators

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wallowing	wallow	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	serves	serve	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Wallowing	obj
3	solely	solely	ADV	_	1 Wallowing	advmod
4	to	to	PART	_	5 conceal	mark
5	conceal	conceal	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Wallowing	advcl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 animal	det
7	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 conceal	obj
8	from	from	ADP	_	9 predators	case
9	predators	predator	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 conceal	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wallow	gerund		serves				solely property	tree rules
2	conceal	to-infinitive		the animal		predators			vn concealment-16 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent animal=Patient from predator=Beneficiary

Option 2

Mud is consumed as the principal food of the pig

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 consumed	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 consumed	aux:pass
3	consumed	consume	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	as	as	ADP	_	7 food	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 food	det
6	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 food	amod
7	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 consumed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 pig	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 pig	det
10	pig	pig	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 food	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consume	present · passive		Mud				as the principal food of the pig	vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Mud serves to cool an animal largely incapable of sweating and to protect its skin from the sun

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 serves	nsubj
2	serves	serve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 cool	mark
4	cool	cool	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 serves	xcomp
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 animal	det
6	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 cool	obj
7	largely	largely	ADV	_	8 incapable	advmod
8	incapable	incapable	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 cool	obj
9	of	of	SCONJ	_	10 sweating	mark
10	sweating	sweat	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 incapable	acl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 protect	cc
12	to	to	PART	_	13 protect	mark
13	protect	protect	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 cool	conj
14	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 skin	nmod:poss
15	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 protect	obj
16	from	from	ADP	_	18 sun	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 sun	det
18	sun	sun	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 protect	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	serve	present	Mud			tree rules
2	cool	to-infinitive	Mud not said here	a animal		tree rules
3	sweat	gerund	incapable not said here			vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	protect	to-infinitive	Mud not said here	Mud's skin	from the sun	vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent skin=Beneficiary from sun=Theme

Option 4

Wallowing is undertaken because pigs prefer filth to any clean place in which to rest

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wallowing	wallow	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 undertaken	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 undertaken	aux:pass
3	undertaken	undertake	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	6 prefer	mark
5	pigs	pig	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 prefer	nsubj
6	prefer	prefer	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 undertaken	advcl
7	filth	filth	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 prefer	obj
8	to	to	ADP	_	11 place	case
9	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	11 place	det
10	clean	clean	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 place	amod
11	place	place	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 prefer	obl
12	in	in	ADP	_	13 which	case
13	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 rest	obl
14	to	to	PART	_	15 rest	mark
15	rest	rest	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 place	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	wallow	gerund					vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
2	undertake	present · passive					vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality
3	prefer	present	pigs	filth		to any clean place	vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer filth=Stimulus
4	rest	to-infinitive	pigs not said here		any clean place		vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in which=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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