Exam question 3 · Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the defence of the bombardier beetle.

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, defend · To what, where: response, defence, bombardier beetle

This is exam question 3 of lesson 248 «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 defence	det
11	defence	defence	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 beetle	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 beetle	det
14	bombardier	bombardier	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 beetle	compound
15	beetle	beetle	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 defence	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the defence of the bombardier beetle		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus defence=Experiencer
4	defend			the bombardier beetle		nom defence «process transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It stings with a venomous appendage upon its head, injecting a paralysing fluid

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 stings	nsubj
2	stings	sting	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	with	with	ADP	_	6 appendage	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 appendage	det
5	venomous	venomous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 appendage	amod
6	appendage	appendage	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 stings	obl
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	9 head	case
8	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 head	nmod:poss
9	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 appendage	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 injecting	punct
11	injecting	inject	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 stings	conj
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 fluid	det
13	paralysing	paralysing	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 fluid	compound
14	fluid	fluid	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 injecting	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sting	present	It					with a venomous appendage upon appendage's head	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP-PRO-ARB»: agent=Stimulus
2	inject	gerund		a paralysing fluid					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fluid=Patient

Option 2

It feigns death for a period of several hours

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 feigns	nsubj
2	feigns	feign	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	death	death	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 feigns	obj
4	for	for	ADP	_	6 period	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 period	det
6	period	period	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 feigns	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 hours	case
8	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 hours	amod
9	hours	hour	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 period	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	feign	present	It	death				for a period of several hours	vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent death=Patient

Option 3

It emits a beam of light which dazzles its attackers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 emits	nsubj
2	emits	emit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 beam	det
4	beam	beam	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 emits	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 light	case
6	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 beam	nmod
7	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 dazzles	nsubj
8	dazzles	dazzle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 beam	acl:relcl
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 attackers	nmod:poss
10	attackers	attacker	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 dazzles	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	emit	present	It	a beam of light	vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source beam=Theme
2	dazzle	present	a beam of light	light's attackers	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus attacker=Experiencer
3	beam			light	nom beam «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Two chemicals are combined within a chamber and react to discharge a boiling spray

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 chemicals	nummod
2	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 combined	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 combined	aux:pass
4	combined	combine	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	within	within	ADP	_	7 chamber	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 chamber	det
7	chamber	chamber	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 combined	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 react	cc
9	react	react	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 combined	conj
10	to	to	PART	_	11 discharge	mark
11	discharge	discharge	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 react	xcomp
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 spray	det
13	boiling	boiling	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 spray	compound
14	spray	spray	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 discharge	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	combine	present · passive	Two chemicals	within a chamber	vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	react	present			tree rules
3	discharge	to-infinitive	a boiling spray		vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spray=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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