Exam question 3 · How scientists find out: naturalists, Darwin, the microsco…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the significance of the observations of Jane Goodall at Gombe?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, observe · To what, where: significance, Jane Goodall

This is exam question 3 of lesson 264 «How scientists find out: naturalists, Darwin, the microscope and wildlife filming» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 significance	det
10	significance	significance	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 observations	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 observations	det
13	observations	observation	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 significance	nmod
14	of	of	ADP	_	16 Goodall	case
15	Jane	Jane	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 Goodall	compound
16	Goodall	Goodall	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 observations	nmod
17	at	at	ADP	_	18 Gombe	case
18	Gombe	Gombe	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 Goodall	nmod
19	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the significance of the observations of Jane Goodall at Gombe	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	observe		Jane Goodall at Gombe		nom observation «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It was established that chimpanzees subsist exclusively upon fruit

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 established	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	aux:pass
3	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	6 subsist	mark
5	chimpanzees	chimpanzee	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 subsist	nsubj
6	subsist	subsist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 established	advcl
7	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	6 subsist	advmod
8	upon	upon	ADP	_	9 fruit	case
9	fruit	fruit	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 subsist	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive		It					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	subsist	present	chimpanzees					upon fruit; exclusively property	vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent

Option 2

It was established that chimpanzees are incapable of learning

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 established	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	aux:pass
3	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 incapable	mark
5	chimpanzees	chimpanzee	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 incapable	nsubj
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 incapable	cop
7	incapable	incapable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 established	advcl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 learning	case
9	learning	learning	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 incapable	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive		It					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	is	present	chimpanzees					of learning; incapable property	tree rules

Option 3

It was established that chimpanzees construct dwellings of timber

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 established	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	aux:pass
3	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	6 construct	mark
5	chimpanzees	chimpanzee	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 construct	nsubj
6	construct	construct	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 established	advcl
7	dwellings	dwelling	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 construct	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 timber	case
9	timber	timber	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 dwellings	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive		It					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	construct	present	chimpanzees	dwellings of timber					vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dwelling=Result

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

It was established that chimpanzees fashion and employ tools, a capacity formerly attributed solely to humans

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 established	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	aux:pass
3	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	6 fashion	mark
5	chimpanzees	chimpanzee	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 fashion	nsubj
6	fashion	fashion	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 established	advcl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 employ	cc
8	employ	employ	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fashion	conj
9	tools	tool	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 employ	obj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 attributed	punct
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 capacity	det
12	capacity	capacity	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 attributed	nsubj:pass
13	formerly	formerly	ADV	_	14 attributed	advmod
14	attributed	attribute	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 established	conj
15	solely	solely	ADV	_	14 attributed	advmod
16	to	to	ADP	_	17 humans	case
17	humans	human	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 attributed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive		It		vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	fashion	present	chimpanzees			vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	employ	present	chimpanzees not said here	tools		vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tool=Theme
4	attribute	participle · passive		a capacity	to humans; formerly, solely property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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