Exam question 2 · The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argenti…

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the habitat of sauropods.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, habitat

This is exam question 2 of lesson 266 «The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argentinosaurus and Brontosaurus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 habitat	det
11	habitat	habitat	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 sauropods	case
13	sauropods	sauropod	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 habitat	nmod
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the habitat of sauropods		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus habitat=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

They are understood to have lived principally in trees

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	6 lived	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 lived	aux
6	lived	live	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 understood	xcomp
7	principally	principally	ADV	_	6 lived	advmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 trees	case
9	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 lived	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	understand	present · passive		They					tree rules
2	live	to-infinitive · perfect				trees		principally property	vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in tree=Location

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Trackways and limb bones demonstrate that they walked upon dry land

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Trackways	trackway	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 demonstrate	nsubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 bones	cc
3	limb	limb	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 bones	compound
4	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Trackways	conj
5	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 walked	mark
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 walked	nsubj
8	walked	walk	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 demonstrate	ccomp
9	upon	upon	ADP	_	11 land	case
10	dry	dry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 land	amod
11	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 walked	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	demonstrate	present	Trackways and limb bones						vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot clause=Topic
2	walk	past	Trackways = trackway			dry land			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon land=Trajectory

Option 3

They are understood to have inhabited the open ocean

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	6 inhabited	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 inhabited	aux
6	inhabited	inhabit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 understood	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 ocean	det
8	open	open	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 ocean	amod
9	ocean	ocean	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 inhabited	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	understand	present · passive		They					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
2	inhabit	to-infinitive · perfect		the open ocean					tree rules

Option 4

They are understood to have dwelt exclusively in deep lakes

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	6 dwelt	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 dwelt	aux
6	dwelt	dwell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 understood	xcomp
7	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	6 dwelt	advmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 lakes	case
9	deep	deep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 lakes	amod
10	lakes	lake	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 dwelt	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	understand	present · passive		They					tree rules
2	dwell	to-infinitive · perfect				deep lakes		exclusively property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in lake=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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