Test 2 · ★ · The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argenti…

What would happen if a sauropod had solid bones all through, with no air pockets?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: sauropod · What happens: happen, have · To what, where: solid bones

This is test 2 · ★ of lesson 266 «The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argentinosaurus and Brontosaurus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 happen	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	aux
3	happen	happen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	7 had	mark
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 sauropod	det
6	sauropod	sauropod	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 had	nsubj
7	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	advcl
8	solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 bones	amod
9	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 had	obj
10	all	all	ADV	_	11 through	advmod
11	through	through	ADV	_	7 had	advmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 pockets	punct
13	with	with	ADP	_	16 pockets	case
14	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	16 pockets	det
15	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 pockets	compound
16	pockets	pocket	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 happen	obl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 happen	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	happen	would						with no air pockets	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	have a condition, not said to happen	past	a sauropod	solid bones				through property	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Nothing would change, because air pockets weigh the same as bone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	3 change	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 change	aux
3	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 weigh	punct
5	because	because	SCONJ	_	8 weigh	mark
6	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 pockets	compound
7	pockets	pocket	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 weigh	nsubj
8	weigh	weigh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 change	conj
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 same	det
10	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 weigh	obj
11	as	as	ADP	_	12 bone	case
12	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 weigh	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	change	would	Nothing						vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	weigh	present	air pockets	the same				as bone	vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme same=Value

Option 2

It would shrink down until it was smaller than a dog

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 shrink	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 shrink	aux
3	shrink	shrink	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	down	down	ADP	_	3 shrink	compound:prt
5	until	until	SCONJ	_	8 smaller	mark
6	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 smaller	nsubj
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 smaller	cop
8	smaller	small	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 shrink	advcl
9	than	than	ADP	_	11 dog	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 dog	det
11	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 smaller	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shrink down	would	It						vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	is	past	it					than a dog; small property	tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

It would be lighter and able to lift off the ground and fly

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 lighter	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 lighter	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	4 lighter	cop
4	lighter	light	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 able	cc
6	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 lighter	conj
7	to	to	PART	_	8 lift	mark
8	lift	lift	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 lighter	advcl
9	off	off	ADP	_	8 lift	compound:prt
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 ground	det
11	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 lift	obj
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 fly	cc
13	fly	fly	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 ground	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	would	It		light property	tree rules
2	be					tree rules
3	lift off	to-infinitive		the ground and fly		vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ground=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Its skeleton would be much heavier, perhaps too heavy to stand

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 skeleton	nmod:poss
2	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 heavier	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 heavier	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 heavier	cop
5	much	much	ADV	_	6 heavier	advmod
6	heavier	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 heavy	punct
8	perhaps	perhaps	ADV	_	10 heavy	advmod
9	too	too	ADV	_	10 heavy	advmod
10	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 heavier	conj
11	to	to	PART	_	12 stand	mark
12	stand	stand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	10 heavy	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	would	Its skeleton	heavy property	tree rules
2	be		Its skeleton not said here	perhaps property	tree rules
3	stand	to-infinitive	Its skeleton not said here		vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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