Exam question 4 · Horns, frills, plates and clubs: Triceratops, Stegosaurus,…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the dentition of the hadrosaurs?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: dentition

This is exam question 4 of lesson 267 «Horns, frills, plates and clubs: Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus and the duck-bills» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 dentition	det
10	dentition	dentition	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 hadrosaurs	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 hadrosaurs	det
13	hadrosaurs	hadrosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 dentition	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the dentition of the hadrosaurs				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

They were entirely without teeth and swallowed vegetation whole without processing

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 teeth	nsubj
2	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 teeth	cop
3	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	5 teeth	advmod
4	without	without	ADP	_	5 teeth	case
5	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 swallowed	cc
7	swallowed	swallow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 teeth	conj
8	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 swallowed	obj
9	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 vegetation	amod
10	without	without	SCONJ	_	11 processing	mark
11	processing	process	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 swallowed	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	past	They		without teeth; entirely property	tree rules
2	swallow	past	They not said here	vegetation		vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vegetation=Patient
3	process	gerund	They not said here			tree rules

Option 2

They possessed teeth adapted solely to the tearing of flesh from carcasses

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 possessed	nsubj
2	possessed	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possessed	obj
4	adapted	adapt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 teeth	acl
5	solely	solely	ADV	_	4 adapted	advmod
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 tearing	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 tearing	det
8	tearing	tearing	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 possessed	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 flesh	case
10	flesh	flesh	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tearing	nmod
11	from	from	ADP	_	12 carcasses	case
12	carcasses	carcass	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possessed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	possess	past	They	teeth	carcasses	to the tearing of flesh	vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot tooth=Theme
2	adapt	participle		teeth not said here		solely property	vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent
3	tear		flesh				nom tearing «process intransitive»: of=agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

They possessed hundreds of closely packed teeth adapted to the grinding of plants

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 possessed	nsubj
2	possessed	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possessed	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	7 teeth	case
5	closely	closely	ADV	_	6 packed	advmod
6	packed	pack	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 teeth	amod
7	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 hundreds	nmod
8	adapted	adapt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 teeth	acl
9	to	to	ADP	_	11 grinding	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 grinding	det
11	grinding	grinding	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 adapted	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 plants	case
13	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 grinding	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	possess	past	They	hundreds of packed teeth		vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot hundred=Theme
2	pack	participle			closely property	vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme
3	adapt	participle		packed teeth not said here	to the grinding of plants goal	vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent to grinding=Goal

Option 4

They possessed a single pair of tusks employed in the uprooting of plants

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 possessed	nsubj
2	possessed	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 pair	det
4	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 pair	amod
5	pair	pair	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 possessed	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 tusks	case
7	tusks	tusk	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 pair	nmod
8	employed	employ	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 tusks	acl
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 uprooting	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 uprooting	det
11	uprooting	uprooting	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 employed	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 plants	case
13	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 uprooting	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	past	They	a single pair of tusks					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot pair=Theme
2	employ	participle		tusks not said here		the uprooting of plants			vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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