Exam question 2 · Dolphins, porpoises and seals

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the manner in which the dolphin sleeps?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: dolphin · What happens: follow, characteris, sleep · To what, where: manner

This is exam question 2 of lesson 27 «Dolphins, porpoises and seals» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 manner	det
10	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 which	case
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 sleeps	obl
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 dolphin	det
14	dolphin	dolphin	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 sleeps	nsubj
15	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 manner	acl:relcl
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund					vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the manner		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	sleep	present	the dolphin		the manner		vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in which=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The animal does not sleep at any time

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 animal	det
2	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 sleep	nsubj
3	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 sleep	aux
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 sleep	advmod
5	sleep	sleep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	at	at	ADP	_	8 time	case
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	8 time	det
8	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 sleep	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not sleep	present · do-support	the animal				time		vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2

Both hemispheres rest at once upon the seabed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	2 hemispheres	det
2	hemispheres	hemisphere	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 rest	nsubj
3	rest	rest	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	5 once	case
5	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	3 rest	obl
6	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 seabed	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 seabed	det
8	seabed	seabed	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 rest	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	rest	present	both hemispheres					upon the seabed	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at once=Location

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

One hemisphere of the brain rests while the other remains awake

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 hemisphere	nummod
2	hemisphere	hemisphere	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 rests	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 brain	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 brain	det
5	brain	brain	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hemisphere	nmod
6	rests	rest	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	while	while	SCONJ	_	10 remains	mark
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 remains	det
9	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 remains	amod
10	remains	remains	NOUN	Number=Ptan	6 rests	obj
11	awake	awake	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 rests	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	rest	present	One hemisphere of the brain	the other remains					vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location remains=Theme

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

It sleeps only while stranded upon the shore, at the lowest of the tides

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleeps	nsubj
2	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	5 stranded	advmod
4	while	while	SCONJ	_	5 stranded	mark
5	stranded	strand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 sleeps	xcomp
6	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 shore	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 shore	det
8	shore	shore	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stranded	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 lowest	punct
10	at	at	ADP	_	12 lowest	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 lowest	det
12	lowest	low	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 sleeps	advcl
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 tides	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 tides	det
15	tides	tide	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 lowest	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	It						tree rules
2	strand	participle						upon the shore	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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