Test 6 · ★ · Dolphins, porpoises and seals

Why do you think the sponge trick is called a kind of dolphin culture?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: think, call · To what, where: sponge trick · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 6 · ★ of lesson 27 «Dolphins, porpoises and seals» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	4 think	advmod
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 think	aux
3	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 think	nsubj
4	think	think	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 trick	det
6	sponge	sponge	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 trick	compound
7	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 called	nsubj:pass
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 called	aux:pass
9	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 think	ccomp
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 kind	det
11	kind	kind	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 called	xcomp
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 culture	case
13	dolphin	dolphin	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 culture	compound
14	culture	culture	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 kind	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 think	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	think speech: other	present · do-support	you						vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	call	present · passive		the sponge trick					vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

All dolphins everywhere are born already knowing how to do it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	All	all	DET	PronType=Tot	2 dolphins	det
2	dolphins	dolphin	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 born	nsubj:pass
3	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	PronType=Tot	2 dolphins	advmod
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 born	aux:pass
5	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	already	already	ADV	_	7 knowing	advmod
7	knowing	know	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 born	advcl
8	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	10 do	advmod
9	to	to	PART	_	10 do	mark
10	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 knowing	xcomp
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 do	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	roles by
1	bear	present · passive	all dolphins	vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	know	gerund		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
3	do	to-infinitive	it	vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality

Option 2

It was taught by scientists

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 taught	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 taught	aux:pass
3	taught	teach	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 scientists	case
5	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 taught	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	teach speech: other	past · passive	scientists	It					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient

Option 3

The sponges teach the dolphins

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 sponges	det
2	sponges	sponge	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 teach	nsubj
3	teach	teach	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 dolphins	det
5	dolphins	dolphin	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 teach	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	teach speech: other	present	the sponges		the dolphins				vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent dolphin=Recipient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

It is learned and passed on, mostly from mothers to daughters

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 learned	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 learned	aux:pass
3	learned	learn	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 passed	cc
5	passed	pass	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 learned	conj
6	on	on	ADP	_	5 passed	compound:prt
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 mothers	punct
8	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	10 mothers	advmod
9	from	from	ADP	_	10 mothers	case
10	mothers	mother	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 learned	obl
11	to	to	ADP	_	12 daughters	case
12	daughters	daughter	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 learned	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	learn	present · passive		It				from mothers; to daughters	vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Topic from mother=Source
2	pass on	participle							vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/27-dolphins-porpoises-and-seals/t6/