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Test 8 · Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig…

A man in the 1800s cuts a log of petrified wood and sees rings. What do the rings tell him?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: man, rings · What happens: cut, petrify, see, tell · To what, where: log, rings, man · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 8 of lesson 275 «Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig it up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A man in the 1800s cuts a log of petrified wood and sees rings.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 man	det
2	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cuts	nsubj
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 1800s	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 1800s	det
5	1800s	1800	NOUN	Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card	2 man	nmod
6	cuts	cut	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 log	det
8	log	log	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cuts	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 wood	case
10	petrified	petrify	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 wood	amod
11	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 log	nmod
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 sees	cc
13	sees	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 cuts	conj
14	rings	ring	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 sees	obj
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 cuts	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cut	present	a man in the 1800s	a log of petrified wood					vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent log=Product
2	petrify	participle							vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	see	present	a man in the 1800s not said here	rings					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer ring=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What do the rings tell him?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	5 tell	obj
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 tell	aux
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 rings	det
4	rings	ring	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 tell	nsubj
5	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 tell	iobj
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 tell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tell speech: assert	present · do-support	the rings		man				vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient what=Topic

The options

Option 1

The rings were made by waves on a beach

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 rings	det
2	rings	ring	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 made	nsubj:pass
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 made	aux:pass
4	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 waves	case
6	waves	wave	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 made	obl:agent
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 beach	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 beach	det
9	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 made	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past · passive	waves	the rings		a beach			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

The tree turned to stone in one year

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 tree	det
2	tree	tree	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	turned	turn	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 tree	acl
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 stone	case
5	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 turned	obl
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 year	case
7	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 year	nummod
8	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 turned	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	turn	participle		the tree not said here		stone	year		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to stone=Trajectory

Option 3

The stone was carved by people to look like wood

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 stone	det
2	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 carved	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 carved	aux:pass
4	carved	carve	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 people	case
6	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 carved	obl
7	to	to	PART	_	8 look	mark
8	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 carved	advcl
9	like	like	ADP	_	10 wood	case
10	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 look	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carve	past · passive	people	the stone					vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
2	look	to-infinitive	people not said here					like wood	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The stone was once a real tree that grew year by year

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 stone	det
2	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 tree	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 tree	cop
4	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	7 tree	advmod
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 tree	det
6	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 tree	amod
7	tree	tree	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 grew	nsubj
9	grew	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 tree	acl:relcl
10	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 grew	obl:unmarked
11	by	by	ADP	_	12 year	case
12	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 grew	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	the stone	a real tree				once property	tree rules
2	grow	past	a real tree				year		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up/t8/