Exam question 2 · Sharks

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the threat posed by sharks to human beings?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, pose · To what, where: threat, human beings

This is exam question 2 of lesson 28 «Sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 threat	det
10	threat	threat	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	posed	pose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 threat	acl
12	by	by	ADP	_	13 sharks	case
13	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 posed	obl
14	to	to	ADP	_	16 beings	case
15	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 beings	amod
16	beings	being	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 posed	obl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	to whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the threat		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	pose	participle	the threat not said here	human beings	by sharks	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V PP.recipient how S»: agent=Agent to being=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Fatal incidents are exceedingly rare and frequently attributable to mistaken identity

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Fatal	fatal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 incidents	amod
2	incidents	incident	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 rare	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 rare	cop
4	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV	_	5 rare	advmod
5	rare	rare	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 attributable	cc
7	frequently	frequently	ADV	_	8 attributable	advmod
8	attributable	attributable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 rare	conj
9	to	to	ADP	_	11 identity	case
10	mistaken	mistaken	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 identity	amod
11	identity	identity	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 attributable	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Fatal incidents					exceedingly, rare property	tree rules
2	be		Fatal incidents not said here					to mistaken identity; frequently property	tree rules

Option 2

The threat exceeds that which humans pose to sharks

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 threat	det
2	threat	threat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exceeds	nsubj
3	exceeds	exceed	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 pose	mark
5	which	which	DET	PronType=Int	6 humans	det
6	humans	human	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 pose	nsubj
7	pose	pose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 exceeds	ccomp
8	to	to	ADP	_	9 sharks	case
9	sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 pose	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exceed	present	the threat						tree rules
2	pose	present	which humans		sharks				vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V PP.recipient how S»: agent=Agent to shark=Recipient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

Sharks habitually pursue human beings as their principal and preferred prey in every ocean

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 pursue	nsubj
2	habitually	habitually	ADV	_	3 pursue	advmod
3	pursue	pursue	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 beings	amod
5	beings	being	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 pursue	obj
6	as	as	ADP	_	11 prey	case
7	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 prey	nmod:poss
8	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 prey	amod
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 preferred	cc
10	preferred	preferred	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 principal	conj
11	prey	prey	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 pursue	obl
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 ocean	case
13	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	14 ocean	det
14	ocean	ocean	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 pursue	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pursue	present	Sharks	human beings		every ocean		as Sharks's principal prey; habitually property	vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent being=Theme in ocean=Trajectory

Option 4

Sharks attack all persons who enter the water

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 attack	nsubj
2	attack	attack	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 persons	det
4	persons	person	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 attack	obj
5	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 enter	nsubj
6	enter	enter	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 persons	acl:relcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 water	det
8	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 enter	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	attack	present	Sharks	all persons					vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent person=Patient
2	enter	present	all persons	the water					vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme water=Destination

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/28-sharks/e2/