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Test 8 · ★★★ · Snakes and lizards

Pythons have tiny leg bones but no legs. What is the best explanation?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Pythons, best explanation · What happens: have, be · To what, where: tiny leg bones

This is test 8 · ★★★ of lesson 30 «Snakes and lizards» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Pythons have tiny leg bones but no legs.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pythons	python	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 bones	amod
4	leg	leg	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bones	compound
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
6	but	but	CCONJ	_	8 legs	cc
7	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	8 legs	det
8	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 bones	conj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Pythons	tiny leg bones but no legs					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is the best explanation?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 explanation	det
4	best	good	ADJ	Degree=Sup	5 explanation	amod
5	explanation	explanation	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the best explanation						tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Their ancestors had legs, and the bones are left over

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 ancestors	nmod:poss
2	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 had	nsubj
3	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 had	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 left	punct
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 left	cc
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 bones	det
8	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 left	nsubj:pass
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 left	aux:pass
10	left	leave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 had	conj
11	over	over	ADV	_	10 left	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	Their ancestors	legs					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Patient
2	leave over	present · passive		the bones				over property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

They are bones from mice they ate

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 bones	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 bones	cop
3	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 mice	case
5	mice	mouse	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 bones	nmod
6	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 ate	nsubj
7	ate	eat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 mice	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	bones				from mice	tree rules
2	eat	past	mice = mouse	mice not said here					vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mouse=Patient

Option 3

Pythons will grow legs when they are old and too heavy to slide

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pythons	python	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 grow	nsubj
2	will	will	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 grow	aux
3	grow	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 grow	obj
5	when	when	SCONJ	_	8 old	mark
6	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 old	nsubj
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 old	cop
8	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 grow	advcl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 heavy	cc
10	too	too	ADV	_	11 heavy	advmod
11	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 old	conj
12	to	to	PART	_	13 slide	mark
13	slide	slide	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 heavy	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	future	Pythons	legs					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location leg=Theme
2	is	present	Pythons = python					old property	tree rules
3	be		Pythons = python not said here						tree rules
4	slide	to-infinitive	Pythons = python not said here						vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

Pythons are growing legs right now

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pythons	python	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 growing	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 growing	aux
3	growing	grow	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 growing	obj
5	right	right	ADV	_	6 now	advmod
6	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	3 growing	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	present · progressive	Pythons	legs			now		vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location leg=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/30-snakes-and-lizards/t8/