Exam question 2 · Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the manner in which most frogs obtain water?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: most frogs · What happens: follow, characteris, obtain · To what, where: manner, water

This is exam question 2 of lesson 308 «Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs and the goliath frog» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 manner	det
10	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 which	case
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 obtain	obl
13	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	14 frogs	amod
14	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 obtain	nsubj
15	obtain	obtain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 manner	acl:relcl
16	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 obtain	obj
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund					vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the manner		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	obtain	present	most frogs	water	the manner		vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Water is not required by frogs at any stage of life

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 required	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 required	aux:pass
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 required	advmod
4	required	require	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 frogs	case
6	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 required	obl
7	at	at	ADP	_	9 stage	case
8	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	9 stage	det
9	stage	stage	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 required	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 life	case
11	life	life	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 stage	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not require	present · passive	frogs	Water		any stage of life			vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Precondition

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Water is absorbed through the skin, particularly through a thin region of the belly

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 absorbed	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 absorbed	aux:pass
3	absorbed	absorb	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	through	through	ADP	_	6 skin	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 skin	det
6	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 absorbed	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 region	punct
8	particularly	particularly	ADV	_	12 region	advmod
9	through	through	ADP	_	12 region	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 region	det
11	thin	thin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 region	amod
12	region	region	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 absorbed	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 belly	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 belly	det
15	belly	belly	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 region	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	absorb	present · passive		Water		the skin		through a thin region of the belly	vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 3

Water is obtained exclusively from the bodily fluids of the insects which it consumes

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 obtained	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 obtained	aux:pass
3	obtained	obtain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	3 obtained	advmod
5	from	from	ADP	_	8 fluids	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 fluids	det
7	bodily	bodily	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 fluids	amod
8	fluids	fluid	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 obtained	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 insects	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 insects	det
11	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 fluids	nmod
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 consumes	nsubj
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 consumes	nsubj
14	consumes	consume	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 insects	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	obtain	present · passive		Water		the bodily fluids of the insects		exclusively property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from fluid=Source
2	consume	present	the insects						vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Water is drunk through the mouth in large quantities

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drunk	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 drunk	aux:pass
3	drunk	drink	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	through	through	ADP	_	6 mouth	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 mouth	det
6	mouth	mouth	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drunk	obl
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 quantities	case
8	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 quantities	amod
9	quantities	quantity	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 drunk	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	drink	present · passive		Water		the mouth		in large quantities	vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog/e2/