Exam question 3 · Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbego…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the discovery of the megamouth shark?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, discover · To what, where: discovery, megamouth shark

This is exam question 3 of lesson 311 «Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbegongs, cookiecutters and goblin sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 discovery	det
10	discovery	discovery	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 shark	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 shark	det
13	megamouth	megamouth	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 shark	compound
14	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 discovery	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the discovery of the megamouth shark	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	discover		the megamouth shark		nom discovery «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It has been known since antiquity as a common coastal species

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 known	nsubj:pass
2	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 known	aux
3	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	4 known	aux:pass
4	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	since	since	ADP	_	6 antiquity	case
6	antiquity	antiquity	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 known	obl
7	as	as	ADP	_	11 species	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 species	det
9	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 species	amod
10	coastal	coastal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 species	amod
11	species	species	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 known	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	know	present · perfect · passive		It			since antiquity	as a common coastal species	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus as species=Attribute

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It was first recorded in 1976 upon becoming entangled in a vessel's sea anchor near Hawaii

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 recorded	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 recorded	aux:pass
3	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	4 recorded	advmod
4	recorded	record	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 1976	case
6	1976	1976	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 recorded	obl
7	upon	upon	SCONJ	_	9 entangled	mark
8	becoming	become	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	9 entangled	aux:pass
9	entangled	entangle	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 recorded	advcl
10	in	in	ADP	_	15 anchor	case
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 vessel	det
12	vessel	vessel	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 anchor	nmod:poss
13	's	's	PART	_	12 vessel	case
14	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 anchor	compound
15	anchor	anchor	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 entangled	obl
16	near	near	ADP	_	17 Hawaii	case
17	Hawaii	Hawaii	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 anchor	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	record	past · passive		It		1976		first property	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in 1976=Destination
2	entangle	gerund · passive						in a vessel's sea anchor near Hawaii	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: in anchor=Theme

Option 3

It was first identified solely from fossilised teeth discovered in the deserts of North Africa

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 identified	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 identified	aux:pass
3	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	4 identified	advmod
4	identified	identify	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	solely	solely	ADV	_	4 identified	advmod
6	from	from	ADP	_	8 teeth	case
7	fossilised	fossilis	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 teeth	amod
8	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 identified	obl
9	discovered	discover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 teeth	acl
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 deserts	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 deserts	det
12	deserts	desert	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 discovered	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 Africa	case
14	North	North	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 Africa	compound
15	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 deserts	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	identify	past · passive	It	fossilised teeth	first, solely property	vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Theme
2	fossilis	participle				tree rules
3	discover	participle	fossilised teeth not said here	the deserts of North Africa		vn discover-84-1 «NP V PP.topic S_ING»: agent=Agent

Option 4

It was first recorded in 1776 by fishermen in the North Sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 recorded	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 recorded	aux:pass
3	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	4 recorded	advmod
4	recorded	record	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 1776	case
6	1776	1776	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 recorded	obl
7	by	by	ADP	_	8 fishermen	case
8	fishermen	fisherman	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 recorded	obl
9	in	in	ADP	_	12 Sea	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 Sea	det
11	North	North	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 Sea	compound
12	Sea	Sea	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 fishermen	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	record	past · passive	fishermen in the North Sea	It		1776		first property	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme in 1776=Destination

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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