Test 7 · ★ · Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale, orca, bel…
A mate says the orcas biting boats off Spain must be angry for revenge. What do scientists say?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: mate, orcas, scientists · What happens: say, bite, be · To what, where: boats · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 7 · ★ of lesson 313 «Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale, orca, beluga and beaked whales» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: A mate says the orcas biting boats off Spain must be angry for revenge.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 mate | det |
| 2 | mate | mate | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 says | nsubj |
| 3 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 orcas | det |
| 5 | orcas | orca | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 angry | nsubj |
| 6 | biting | bite | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 orcas | acl |
| 7 | boats | boat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 biting | obj |
| 8 | off | off | ADP | _ | 9 Spain | case |
| 9 | Spain | Spain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 biting | obl |
| 10 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 angry | aux |
| 11 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 12 angry | cop |
| 12 | angry | angry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 says | ccomp |
| 13 | for | for | ADP | _ | 14 revenge | case |
| 14 | revenge | revenge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 angry | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 says | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present | a mate | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | bite | gerund | the orcas not said here | boats | off Spain | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boat=Patient | |||
| 3 | is | must | the orcas | for revenge; angry property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: What do scientists say?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 4 say | obj |
| 2 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 say | aux |
| 3 | scientists | scientist | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 say | nsubj |
| 4 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 say | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present · do-support | scientists | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
They are trying to steal the fish
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 trying | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 trying | aux |
| 3 | trying | try | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | PART | _ | 5 steal | mark |
| 5 | steal | steal | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 trying | xcomp |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 fish | det |
| 7 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 steal | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | try | present · progressive | They | vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | steal not said to happen | to-infinitive | They not said here | the fish | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location fish=Theme |
Option 2
They think the boats are seals
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 think | nsubj |
| 2 | think | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 boats | det |
| 4 | boats | boat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 seals | nsubj |
| 5 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 seals | cop |
| 6 | seals | seal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 think | ccomp |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | think speech: other | present | They | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is a | present | the boats | seals | tree rules |
Option 3
They are certainly angry at one boat that hurt them
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 angry | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 angry | cop |
| 3 | certainly | certainly | ADV | _ | 4 angry | advmod |
| 4 | angry | angry | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | at | at | ADP | _ | 7 boat | case |
| 6 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 7 boat | nummod |
| 7 | boat | boat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 angry | obl |
| 8 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 9 hurt | nsubj |
| 9 | hurt | hurt | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 boat | acl:relcl |
| 10 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 hurt | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | They | one boat | angry, certainly property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | hurt | past | one boat | them = they | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer they=Patient |
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
They are not sure why; it may be play or a fashion copied between orcas
The tree, 15 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 sure | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 sure | cop |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 4 sure | advmod |
| 4 | sure | sure | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 sure | advmod |
| 6 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 10 play | punct |
| 7 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 play | nsubj |
| 8 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 10 play | aux |
| 9 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 10 play | cop |
| 10 | play | play | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 sure | parataxis |
| 11 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 13 fashion | cc |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 fashion | det |
| 13 | fashion | fashion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 play | conj |
| 14 | copied | copy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 play | acl |
| 15 | between | between | ADP | _ | 16 orcas | case |
| 16 | orcas | orca | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 copied | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not is | present | They | sure property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | is a | may | it | play or a fashion | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | copy | participle | play or a fashion not said here | orcas | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent between orca=Destination |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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