Exam question 4 · The big biology quiz, part 4: everything from lessons 301…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the manner in which a dolphin sleeps?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: dolphin · What happens: follow, characteris, sleep · To what, where: manner

This is exam question 4 of lesson 400 «The big biology quiz, part 4: everything from lessons 301 to 399» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 manner	det
10	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 which	case
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 sleeps	obl
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 dolphin	det
14	dolphin	dolphin	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 sleeps	nsubj
15	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 manner	acl:relcl
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund					vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the manner		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	sleep	present	a dolphin		the manner		vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in which=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It does not sleep at any time

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 sleep	nsubj
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 sleep	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 sleep	advmod
4	sleep	sleep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	at	at	ADP	_	7 time	case
6	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	7 time	det
7	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 sleep	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not sleep	present · do-support	It				time		vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It sleeps with one half of its brain at a time, rising periodically to breathe

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleeps	nsubj
2	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	with	with	ADP	_	5 half	case
4	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 half	nummod
5	half	half	NOUN	Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac	2 sleeps	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 brain	case
7	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 brain	nmod:poss
8	brain	brain	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 half	nmod
9	at	at	ADP	_	11 time	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 time	det
11	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sleeps	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 rising	punct
13	rising	rise	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 sleeps	advcl
14	periodically	periodically	ADV	_	13 rising	advmod
15	to	to	PART	_	16 breathe	mark
16	breathe	breathe	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	13 rising	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	It	time	with one half of half's brain	vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	rise	gerund			periodically property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	breathe	to-infinitive				vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3

It sleeps continuously upon the floor of the sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleeps	nsubj
2	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	continuously	continuously	ADV	_	2 sleeps	advmod
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 floor	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 floor	det
6	floor	floor	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sleeps	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 sea	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 sea	det
9	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 floor	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	It					upon the floor of the sea; continuously property	vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

It sleeps upon the shore during the hours of darkness

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleeps	nsubj
2	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	upon	upon	ADP	_	5 shore	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 shore	det
5	shore	shore	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sleeps	obl
6	during	during	ADP	_	8 hours	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 hours	det
8	hours	hour	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 sleeps	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 darkness	case
10	darkness	darkness	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 hours	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	It				hour	upon the shore	vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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