Test 11 · ★ · Evolution simply: why living things change over many gener…

Why would a sea animal like a whale still breathe air with lungs?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: sea animal · What happens: breathe · To what, where: air

This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 73 «Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 animal	advmod
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 animal	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 animal	det
4	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 animal	compound
5	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 breathe	nsubj
6	like	like	ADP	_	8 whale	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 whale	det
8	whale	whale	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 animal	nmod
9	still	still	ADV	_	10 breathe	advmod
10	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
11	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 breathe	obj
12	with	with	ADP	_	13 lungs	case
13	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 breathe	obl
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	10 breathe	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	a sea animal like a whale	air			still	with lungs	vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Its ancestors were land mammals with lungs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 ancestors	nmod:poss
2	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 mammals	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 mammals	cop
4	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 mammals	compound
5	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 lungs	case
7	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 mammals	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	Its ancestors	land mammals				with lungs	tree rules

Option 2

Whales are fish that learned to hold their breath

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Whales	whale	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 fish	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fish	cop
3	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 learned	nsubj
5	learned	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 fish	acl:relcl
6	to	to	PART	_	7 hold	mark
7	hold	hold	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 learned	xcomp
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 breath	nmod:poss
9	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 hold	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	is a	present	Whales	fish	tree rules
2	learn	past	fish		vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	hold	to-infinitive	fish not said here	Whales's breath	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent breath=Theme

Option 3

Whale gills stopped working in the last century

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Whale	whale	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 gills	compound
2	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 stopped	nsubj
3	stopped	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	working	work	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 stopped	xcomp
5	in	in	ADP	_	8 century	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 century	det
7	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 century	amod
8	century	century	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 working	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stop	past	Whale gills						vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
2	work	gerund	Whale gills not said here				century		vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Lungs are better than gills for drinking sea water

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 better	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 better	cop
3	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	than	than	ADP	_	5 gills	case
5	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 better	obl
6	for	for	SCONJ	_	7 drinking	mark
7	drinking	drink	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 better	advcl
8	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 water	compound
9	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 drinking	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Lungs					than gills; good property	tree rules
2	drink	gerund	Lungs not said here	sea water					vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/73-evolution-simply/t11/