Test 10 · Fossils: how we know about life long ago

«found a huge shark tooth on the beach, so there's a giant shark here now» What is right?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: giant shark · What happens: find, be · To what, where: huge shark tooth, beach · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 10 of lesson 74 «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 found	punct
2	found	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 tooth	det
4	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 tooth	amod
5	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 tooth	compound
6	tooth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 found	obj
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 beach	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 beach	det
9	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 tooth	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 's	punct
11	so	so	ADV	_	13 's	advmod
12	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	13 's	expl
13	's	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 found	parataxis
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 shark	det
15	giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 shark	amod
16	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 's	nsubj
17	here	here	ADV	PronType=Dem	13 's	advmod
18	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	13 's	advmod
19	»	»	PUNCT	_	2 found	punct
20	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	22 right	nsubj
21	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 right	cop
22	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 found	ccomp
23	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 found	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	find in a quote	past		a huge shark tooth	the beach			vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Topic
2	be in a quote	present	a giant shark		here; there	now		vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	is	present					right property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Yes, shark teeth only ever wash up when a shark is swimming close by

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	7 wash	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 teeth	compound
4	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 wash	nsubj
5	only	only	ADV	_	7 wash	advmod
6	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	7 wash	advmod
7	wash	wash	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	up	up	ADP	_	7 wash	compound:prt
9	when	when	SCONJ	_	13 swimming	mark
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 shark	det
11	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 swimming	nsubj
12	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 swimming	aux
13	swimming	swim	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 wash	advcl
14	close	close	ADV	Degree=Pos	13 swimming	advmod
15	by	by	ADP	_	7 wash	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wash up	infinitive	shark teeth				ever		vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	swim	present · progressive	a shark					close property	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2

No, shark teeth are always fake

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	7 fake	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 teeth	compound
4	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 fake	nsubj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 fake	cop
6	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	7 fake	advmod
7	fake	fake	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	shark teeth					always, fake property	tree rules

Option 3

Yes, it must be a living megalodon

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	8 megalodon	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 megalodon	nsubj
4	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 megalodon	aux
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 megalodon	cop
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 megalodon	det
7	living	living	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 megalodon	amod
8	megalodon	megalodon	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	must	it	a living megalodon					tree rules

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Sharks shed thousands of teeth, and many beach teeth are fossils

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 shed	nsubj
2	shed	shed	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 shed	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 teeth	case
5	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 thousands	nmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 fossils	punct
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 fossils	cc
8	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 teeth	amod
9	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 teeth	compound
10	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 fossils	nsubj
11	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 fossils	cop
12	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 shed	parataxis

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shed	past	Sharks	thousands of teeth					vn substance_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location thousand=Source
2	is a	present	many beach teeth	fossils					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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