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Test 8 · Fossils: how we know about life long ago

A fossil lies in a low rock layer and another in a high layer of the same cliff. Which is probably older?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: fossil · What happens: lie, be · To what, where: low rock layer

This is test 8 of lesson 74 «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A fossil lies in a low rock layer and another in a high layer of the same cliff.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 fossil	det
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lies	nsubj
3	lies	lie	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	8 layer	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 layer	det
6	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 layer	amod
7	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 layer	compound
8	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lies	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 layer	cc
10	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	14 layer	det
11	in	in	ADP	_	14 layer	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 layer	det
13	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 layer	amod
14	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 layer	conj
15	of	of	ADP	_	18 cliff	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 cliff	det
17	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 cliff	amod
18	cliff	cliff	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 layer	nmod
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 lies	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lie	present	a fossil			a low rock layer and another high layer of the same cliff			vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in layer=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Which is probably older?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 older	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 older	cop
3	probably	probably	ADV	_	4 older	advmod
4	older	old	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 older	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						old, probably property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The one in the lower layer

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 one	det
2	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	6 layer	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 layer	det
5	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 layer	amod
6	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 one	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2

They must be exactly the same age

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 age	nsubj
2	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	7 age	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	7 age	cop
4	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	7 age	advmod
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 age	det
6	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 age	amod
7	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	must	They	the same age				exactly property	tree rules

Option 3

The one in the higher layer

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 one	det
2	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	6 layer	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 layer	det
5	higher	high	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 layer	amod
6	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 one	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

You can never tell anything from layers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 tell	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 tell	aux
3	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	4 tell	advmod
4	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 tell	obj
6	from	from	ADP	_	7 layers	case
7	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 tell	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not tell speech: assert	can	You	anything		layers			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent anything=Recipient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/t8/