Test 16 · ★★ · The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 1: The Wild Woo… ★★★ «trees crouched nearer and nearer, and holes made ugly mouths». Trees can't crouch. Why does the writer say it?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: ★, holes, Trees, writer · What happens: crouch, make, not crouch, say · To what, where: ugly mouths, it · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 16 · ★★ of lesson 33 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 1: The Wild Wood (winter, and the Mole sets out alone)» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: ★★★ «trees crouched nearer and nearer, and holes made ugly mouths».
nsubj dep dep punct nsubj advmod cc conj punct cc nsubj conj amod obj punct punct root ★ PROPN ★ X ★ X « PUNCT trees NOUN crouched VERB nearer ADV and CCONJ nearer ADV , PUNCT and CCONJ holes NOUN made VERB ugly ADJ mouths NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ★ ★ PROPN Number=Sing 6 crouched nsubj 2 ★ ★ X Foreign=Yes 1 ★ dep 3 ★ ★ X Foreign=Yes 1 ★ dep 4 « « PUNCT _ 6 crouched punct 5 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 6 crouched nsubj 6 crouched crouch VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 nearer near ADV Degree=Cmp 6 crouched advmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 nearer cc 9 nearer near ADV Degree=Cmp 7 nearer conj 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 made punct 11 and and CCONJ _ 13 made cc 12 holes hole NOUN Number=Plur 13 made nsubj 13 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 crouched conj 14 ugly ugly ADJ Degree=Pos 15 mouths amod 15 mouths mouth NOUN Number=Plur 13 made obj 16 » » PUNCT _ 13 made punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 6 crouched punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 crouch in a quote past ★ near property vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 make in a quote past holes ugly mouths vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset mouth=Product
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Trees can't crouch.
nsubj aux advmod punct root Trees NOUN ca AUX n't PART crouch VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 4 crouch nsubj 2 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 crouch aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 crouch advmod 4 crouch crouch VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 . . PUNCT _ 4 crouch punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not crouch can Trees vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Sentence 3: Why does the writer say it?
advmod aux det nsubj obj punct root Why ADV does AUX the DET writer NOUN say VERB it PRON ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Why why ADV PronType=Int 5 say advmod 2 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 say aux 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 writer det 4 writer writer NOUN Number=Sing 5 say nsubj 5 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 say obj 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 5 say punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present · do-support the writer it vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic
The options Option 1 · ← Mova's choice Because trees really can crouch down in the wind when the Mole walks past them in the wood
The tree, 18 words mark nsubj advmod aux compound:prt case det obl mark det nsubj advcl case obl case det obl root Because SCONJ trees NOUN really ADV can AUX crouch VERB down ADP in ADP the DET wind NOUN when SCONJ the DET Mole NOUN walks VERB past ADP them PRON in ADP the DET wood NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Because because SCONJ _ 5 crouch mark 2 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 5 crouch nsubj 3 really really ADV _ 5 crouch advmod 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 crouch aux 5 crouch crouch VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 down down ADP _ 5 crouch compound:prt 7 in in ADP _ 9 wind case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 wind det 9 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 5 crouch obl 10 when when SCONJ _ 13 walks mark 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 Mole det 12 Mole mole NOUN Number=Sing 13 walks nsubj 13 walks walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 crouch advcl 14 past past ADP _ 15 them case 15 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 walks obl 16 in in ADP _ 18 wood case 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 wood det 18 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 13 walks obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 crouch down can trees the wind vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in wind=Location 2 walk present the Mole the wood past trees = tree vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme past they=Trajectory
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer To show the wood feels alive and threatening to the Mole
mark csubj det obj xcomp cc conj case det obl root To PART show VERB the DET wood NOUN feels VERB alive ADJ and CCONJ threatening VERB to ADP the DET Mole NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 show mark 2 show show VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 feels csubj 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 wood det 4 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 2 show obj 5 feels feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 alive alive ADJ Degree=Pos 5 feels xcomp 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 threatening cc 8 threatening threaten VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 feels conj 9 to to ADP _ 11 Mole case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 Mole det 11 Mole mole NOUN Number=Sing 8 threatening obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show to-infinitive the wood vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent wood=Recipient 2 feel present alive property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 3 threaten gerund to the Mole vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Option 3 To show the Mole had been dreaming in the dark wood all night
mark det nsubj aux aux ccomp case det amod obl det obl:unmarked root To PART show VERB the DET Mole NOUN had AUX been AUX dreaming VERB in ADP the DET dark ADJ wood NOUN all DET night NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 show mark 2 show show VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 Mole det 4 Mole mole NOUN Number=Sing 7 dreaming nsubj 5 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 dreaming aux 6 been be AUX Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 7 dreaming aux 7 dreaming dream VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 show ccomp 8 in in ADP _ 11 wood case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 wood det 10 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 11 wood amod 11 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 7 dreaming obl 12 all all DET PronType=Tot 13 night det 13 night night NOUN Number=Sing 7 dreaming obl:unmarked
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show to-infinitive vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 dream past · perfect · progressive the Mole the dark wood night vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent
Option 4 To describe how the trees were bent by wind and snow
mark advmod det nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl case obl cc conj root To PART describe VERB how ADV the DET trees NOUN were AUX bent VERB by ADP wind NOUN and CCONJ snow NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 describe mark 2 describe describe VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 how how ADV PronType=Int 7 bent advmod 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 trees det 5 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 7 bent nsubj:pass 6 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 bent aux:pass 7 bent bend VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 describe advcl 8 by by ADP _ 9 wind case 9 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 7 bent obl 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 snow cc 11 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 9 wind conj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 describe to-infinitive vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent 2 bend past · passive wind and snow the trees vn knead-26.5 «NP V NP.material»: agent=Agent subject=Material
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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