Test 15 · ★★★ · The Wind in the Willows, chapter VI, part 2: Mr. Toad («I'… ★★★ The Rat says «He'll say anything». Toad says «I'd have said anything in there». What does that tell us about Toad's promises?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: ★, Toad, that · What happens: say, tell, promise · To what, where: anything, us · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 15 · ★★★ of lesson 46 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter VI, part 2: Mr. Toad («I'm not sorry!» and the Toad locked in his bedroom)» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: ★★★ The Rat says «He'll say anything».
nsubj dep case det nmod punct nsubj aux ccomp obj punct punct root ★ PROPN ★ X ★ ADP The DET Rat PROPN says VERB « PUNCT He PRON 'll AUX say VERB anything PRON » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ★ ★ PROPN Number=Sing 6 says nsubj 2 ★ ★ X Foreign=Yes 1 ★ dep 3 ★ ★ ADP _ 5 Rat case 4 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 Rat det 5 Rat Rat PROPN Number=Sing 1 ★ nmod 6 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 « « PUNCT _ 10 say punct 8 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 say nsubj 9 'll will AUX VerbForm=Fin 10 say aux 10 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 says ccomp 11 anything anything PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 10 say obj 12 » » PUNCT _ 10 say punct 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 says punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present ★ ★ the Rat vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 say speech: assert in a quote future ★ anything vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent anything=Topic
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Toad says «I'd have said anything in there».
nsubj punct nsubj aux aux ccomp obj case nmod punct punct root Toad PROPN says VERB « PUNCT I PRON 'd AUX have AUX said VERB anything PRON in ADP there ADV » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toad Toad PROPN Number=Sing 2 says nsubj 2 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 « « PUNCT _ 7 said punct 4 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 said nsubj 5 'd would AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 said aux 6 have have AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 said aux 7 said say VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 2 says ccomp 8 anything anything PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 said obj 9 in in ADP _ 10 there case 10 there there ADV PronType=Dem 8 anything nmod 11 » » PUNCT _ 7 said punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 says punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present Toad vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 say speech: assert in a quote would · perfect Toad anything vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent anything=Theme in there=Manner
Sentence 3: What does that tell us about Toad's promises?
obj aux nsubj iobj case nmod:poss case obl punct root What PRON does AUX that PRON tell VERB us PRON about ADP Toad PROPN 's PART promises NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int 4 tell obj 2 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 tell aux 3 that that PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 4 tell nsubj 4 tell tell VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 tell iobj 6 about about ADP _ 9 promises case 7 Toad Toad PROPN Number=Sing 9 promises nmod:poss 8 's 's PART _ 7 Toad case 9 promises promise NOUN Number=Plur 4 tell obl 10 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 tell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell speech: assert present · do-support that us about Toad's promises vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient what=Topic 2 promise Toad nom promise «communication transitive»: poss=agent
The options Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer They depend on who is talking to him, so they can't be trusted
The tree, 14 words nsubj mark nsubj aux advcl case obl punct advmod nsubj aux advmod aux:pass conj root They PRON depend VERB on SCONJ who PRON is AUX talking VERB to ADP him PRON , PUNCT so ADV they PRON ca AUX n't PART be AUX trusted VERB The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 depend nsubj 2 depend depend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on SCONJ _ 6 talking mark 4 who who PRON PronType=Rel 6 talking nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 talking aux 6 talking talk VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 depend advcl 7 to to ADP _ 8 him case 8 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 talking obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 15 trusted punct 10 so so ADV _ 15 trusted advmod 11 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 trusted nsubj 12 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 15 trusted aux 13 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 15 trusted advmod 14 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 15 trusted aux:pass 15 trusted trust VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 depend conj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 depend present They vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent 2 talk present · progressive him = he vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to he=Co-Agent 3 not trust can · passive they vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Option 2 They depend on who is talking to him, and his friends should keep watch since he may lie again
The tree, 19 words nsubj mark nsubj aux advcl case obl punct cc nmod:poss nsubj aux parataxis obj mark nsubj aux advcl advmod root They PRON depend VERB on SCONJ who PRON is AUX talking VERB to ADP him PRON , PUNCT and CCONJ his PRON friends NOUN should AUX keep VERB watch NOUN since SCONJ he PRON may AUX lie VERB again ADV The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 depend nsubj 2 depend depend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on SCONJ _ 6 talking mark 4 who who PRON PronType=Rel 6 talking nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 talking aux 6 talking talk VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 depend advcl 7 to to ADP _ 8 him case 8 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 talking obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 14 keep punct 10 and and CCONJ _ 14 keep cc 11 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 friends nmod:poss 12 friends friend NOUN Number=Plur 14 keep nsubj 13 should should AUX VerbForm=Fin 14 keep aux 14 keep keep VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 depend parataxis 15 watch watch NOUN Number=Sing 14 keep obj 16 since since SCONJ _ 19 lie mark 17 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 lie nsubj 18 may may AUX VerbForm=Fin 19 lie aux 19 lie lie VERB VerbForm=Inf 14 keep advcl 20 again again ADV _ 19 lie advmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 depend present They vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent 2 talk present · progressive him = he vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to he=Co-Agent 3 keep should his friends watch vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent watch=Theme 4 lie may he again vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Option 3 They depend entirely on who is talking to him, so no promise from Toad can ever be trusted at all
The tree, 20 words nsubj advmod mark nsubj aux advcl case obl punct advmod det nsubj:pass case nmod aux advmod aux:pass conj case obl root They PRON depend VERB entirely ADV on SCONJ who PRON is AUX talking VERB to ADP him PRON , PUNCT so ADV no DET promise NOUN from ADP Toad PROPN can AUX ever ADV be AUX trusted VERB at ADP all DET The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 depend nsubj 2 depend depend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 entirely entirely ADV _ 2 depend advmod 4 on on SCONJ _ 7 talking mark 5 who who PRON PronType=Rel 7 talking nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 talking aux 7 talking talk VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 depend advcl 8 to to ADP _ 9 him case 9 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 talking obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 19 trusted punct 11 so so ADV _ 19 trusted advmod 12 no no DET PronType=Neg 13 promise det 13 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 19 trusted nsubj:pass 14 from from ADP _ 15 Toad case 15 Toad Toad PROPN Number=Sing 13 promise nmod 16 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 19 trusted aux 17 ever ever ADV PronType=Ind 19 trusted advmod 18 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 19 trusted aux:pass 19 trusted trust VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 depend conj 20 at at ADP _ 21 all case 21 all all DET PronType=Tot 19 trusted obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 depend present They entirely property vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent 2 talk present · progressive him = he vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to he=Co-Agent 3 trust can · passive no promise from Toad all ever vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Option 4 They depend on who's talking, so can't be trusted
nsubj mark nsubj aux advcl punct advmod aux advmod aux:pass conj root They PRON depend VERB on SCONJ who PRON 's AUX talking VERB , PUNCT so ADV ca AUX n't PART be AUX trusted VERB The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 depend nsubj 2 depend depend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on SCONJ _ 6 talking mark 4 who who PRON PronType=Rel 6 talking nsubj 5 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 talking aux 6 talking talk VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 depend advcl 7 , , PUNCT _ 12 trusted punct 8 so so ADV _ 12 trusted advmod 9 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 trusted aux 10 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 12 trusted advmod 11 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 12 trusted aux:pass 12 trusted trust VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 depend conj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 depend present They vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent 2 talk present · progressive vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 not trust can · passive They not said here vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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