Exam question 4 · Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead, part 28: the guilt…

What was the principal distinction between the Roman Orcus and the Greek Hades prior to the introduction of Greek mythology?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: be, introduce · To what, where: principal distinction, Greek mythology

This is exam question 4 of lesson 522 «Classical Myths, The Realm of the Dead, part 28: the guilty are judged and punished in Tartarus» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	5 distinction	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 distinction	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 distinction	det
4	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 distinction	amod
5	distinction	distinction	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	between	between	ADP	_	9 Orcus	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Orcus	det
8	Roman	roman	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 Orcus	amod
9	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 distinction	nmod
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 Hades	cc
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 Hades	det
12	Greek	Greek	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 Hades	compound
13	Hades	Hade	PROPN	Number=Plur	9 Orcus	conj
14	prior	prior	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	17 introduction	case
15	to	to	ADP	_	14 prior	fixed
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 introduction	det
17	introduction	introduction	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 distinction	nmod
18	of	of	ADP	_	20 mythology	case
19	Greek	Greek	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 mythology	amod
20	mythology	mythology	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 introduction	nmod
21	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 distinction	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past		the principal distinction				between the Roman Orcus and the Greek Hades; prior the introduction of Greek mythology	tree rules
2	introduce			Greek mythology					nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest for the good and also a prison for the wicked dead

The tree, 23 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 cavity	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 cavity	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cavity	det
4	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cavity	amod
5	cavity	cavity	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	serving	serve	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 cavity	acl
7	as	as	ADP	_	9 place	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 place	det
9	place	place	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 serving	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 rest	case
11	eternal	eternal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 rest	amod
12	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 place	nmod
13	for	for	ADP	_	15 good	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 good	det
15	good	good	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 serving	obl
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 prison	cc
17	also	also	ADV	_	19 prison	advmod
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 prison	det
19	prison	prison	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 good	conj
20	for	for	ADP	_	23 dead	case
21	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 dead	det
22	wicked	wicked	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 dead	amod
23	dead	dead	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 serving	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	Orcus	a dark cavity					tree rules
2	serve	gerund	a dark cavity not said here					as a place of eternal rest; for the good and a prison; for the wicked dead	vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as place=Attribute

Option 2

Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest, whereas Hades was ruled by a king who judged them

The tree, 22 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 cavity	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 cavity	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cavity	det
4	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cavity	amod
5	cavity	cavity	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	serving	serve	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 cavity	acl
7	as	as	ADP	_	9 place	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 place	det
9	place	place	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 serving	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 rest	case
11	eternal	eternal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 rest	amod
12	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 place	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 ruled	punct
14	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	15 Hades	case
15	Hades	Hade	PROPN	Number=Plur	17 ruled	nsubj:pass
16	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 ruled	aux:pass
17	ruled	rule	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 cavity	conj
18	by	by	ADP	_	20 king	case
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 king	det
20	king	king	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 ruled	obl
21	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	22 judged	nsubj
22	judged	judge	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	20 king	acl:relcl
23	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 judged	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	past	Orcus	a dark cavity		tree rules
2	serve	gerund	a dark cavity not said here		as a place of eternal rest	vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as place=Attribute
3	rule	past · passive	a king	Hades		vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result
4	judge	past	a king	Hades = hade		vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent they=Value

Option 3

Orcus was a sunless pit used as a sacred burial vault

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 pit	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 pit	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 pit	det
4	sunless	sunless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 pit	amod
5	pit	pit	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 pit	acl
7	as	as	ADP	_	11 vault	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 vault	det
9	sacred	sacred	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 vault	amod
10	burial	burial	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 vault	compound
11	vault	vault	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 used	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	Orcus	a sunless pit					tree rules
2	use	participle		a sunless pit not said here				as a sacred burial vault	vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Orcus was a dark cavity serving as a place of eternal rest

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Orcus	Orcus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 cavity	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 cavity	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cavity	det
4	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cavity	amod
5	cavity	cavity	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	serving	serve	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 cavity	acl
7	as	as	ADP	_	9 place	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 place	det
9	place	place	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 serving	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 rest	case
11	eternal	eternal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 rest	amod
12	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 place	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	Orcus	a dark cavity					tree rules
2	serve	gerund	a dark cavity not said here					as a place of eternal rest	vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as place=Attribute

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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