Exam question 2 · Myths of Greece and Rome, Heracles, part 51: Heracles brin…

Which of the following statements accurately identifies the agent who restrained the earth's movement during the attempted release of Pirithoüs?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: agent, earth · What happens: follow, identify, restrain, attempt, move · To what, where: agent, movement

This is exam question 2 of lesson 545 «Myths of Greece and Rome, Heracles, part 51: Heracles brings Cerberus up, kills Iphitus by accident, serves Omphale and takes revenge on two kings» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 identifies	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 identifies	obl
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	7 identifies	advmod
7	identifies	identify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 agent	det
9	agent	agent	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 identifies	obj
10	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 restrained	nsubj
11	restrained	restrain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 agent	acl:relcl
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 earth	det
13	earth	earth	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 movement	nmod:poss
14	's	's	PART	_	13 earth	case
15	movement	movement	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 restrained	obj
16	during	during	ADP	_	19 release	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 release	det
18	attempted	attempt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 release	amod
19	release	release	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 restrained	obl
20	of	of	ADP	_	21 Pirithoüs	case
21	Pirithoüs	Pirithoüs	PROPN	Number=Sing	19 release	nmod
22	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 identifies	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund					vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	identify	present		the agent		of the following statements; accurately property	vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent agent=Theme
3	restrain	past	the agent	the earth's movement	during the attempted release of Pirithoüs		vn discourage-64.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer movement=Eventuality
4	attempt	participle					vn try-61.1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent
5	move		the earth				nom movement «act transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The ground itself trembled violently, forcing Heracles to abandon the attempt to lift Pirithoüs

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ground	det
2	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 trembled	nsubj
3	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Emp Reflex=Yes	2 ground	nmod
4	trembled	tremble	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	violently	violently	ADV	_	4 trembled	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 forcing	punct
7	forcing	force	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 trembled	advcl
8	Heracles	Heracles	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 forcing	obj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 abandon	mark
10	abandon	abandon	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 forcing	advcl
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 attempt	det
12	attempt	attempt	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 abandon	obj
13	to	to	PART	_	14 lift	mark
14	lift	lift	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 attempt	acl
15	Pirithoüs	Pirithoüs	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 lift	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	other	roles by
1	tremble	past	the ground ground			violently property	vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	force	gerund	the ground ground not said here		Heracles		vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heracles=Recipient
3	abandon	to-infinitive	the ground ground not said here	the attempt			vn leave-51.2 «NP V NP.initial_location»: agent=Theme attempt=Source
4	lift	to-infinitive	the ground ground not said here	Pirithoüs			vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pirithoüs=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

A god sent an earthquake that stopped Heracles from freeing his friend

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 god	det
2	god	god	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sent	nsubj
3	sent	send	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 earthquake	det
5	earthquake	earthquake	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sent	obj
6	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 stopped	nsubj
7	stopped	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 earthquake	acl:relcl
8	Heracles	Heracles	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 stopped	obj
9	from	from	SCONJ	_	10 freeing	mark
10	freeing	free	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 stopped	advcl
11	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 friend	nmod:poss
12	friend	friend	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 freeing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	send	past	a god	a earthquake	vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent earthquake=Theme
2	stop	past	a earthquake	Heracles	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality heracles=Eventuality
3	free	gerund	a earthquake not said here	god's friend	vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Causer friend=Source

Option 3

Hermes stopped him by calling the hero back to the surface early

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hermes	Hermes	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 stopped	nsubj
2	stopped	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 stopped	obj
4	by	by	SCONJ	_	5 calling	mark
5	calling	call	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 stopped	advcl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 hero	det
7	hero	hero	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 calling	obj
8	back	back	ADV	_	5 calling	advmod
9	to	to	ADP	_	11 surface	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 surface	det
11	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 calling	obl
12	early	early	ADV	Degree=Pos	5 calling	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stop	past	Hermes	him = he					vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector he=Eventuality
2	call back speech: assert	gerund	Hermes not said here	the hero	the surface			early property	vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent hero=Topic to surface=Recipient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The earth itself shook violently, compelling Heracles to relinquish his task

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 earth	det
2	earth	earth	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 shook	nsubj
3	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Emp Reflex=Yes	2 earth	nmod:unmarked
4	shook	shake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	violently	violently	ADV	_	4 shook	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 compelling	punct
7	compelling	compel	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 shook	advcl
8	Heracles	Heracles	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 compelling	obj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 relinquish	mark
10	relinquish	relinquish	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 compelling	xcomp
11	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 task	nmod:poss
12	task	task	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 relinquish	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	shake	past	the earth earth		violently property	vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	compel	gerund	the earth earth not said here	Heracles		vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent heracles=Patient clause=Result
3	relinquish	to-infinitive	the earth earth not said here	Heracles's task		vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent task=Theme
4	task		Heracles			nom task «act transitive»: poss=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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