Exam question 1 · Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 4: How the Leopard got…

Identify the means by which the Leopard and the hunter ascertained the identity of the animals captured during the night.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, the, Leopard · What happens: identify, mean, ascertain, capture · To what, where: identity, animals · Speech: someone speaks here

This is exam question 1 of lesson 78 «Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 4: How the Leopard got his Spots, part 2 (One, two, three, and where's your breakfast?)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 means	nsubj
3	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Identify	ccomp
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 which	case
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 ascertained	obl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 Leopard	det
7	Leopard	Leopard	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 ascertained	nsubj
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 hunter	cc
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 hunter	det
10	hunter	hunter	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 Leopard	conj
11	ascertained	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 means	ccomp
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 identity	det
13	identity	identity	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 ascertained	obj
14	of	of	ADP	_	16 animals	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 animals	det
16	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 identity	nmod
17	captured	capture	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 animals	acl
18	during	during	ADP	_	20 night	case
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 night	det
20	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 captured	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here			vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	mean	present	the			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	ascertain	past	the Leopard and the hunter	the identity of the animals		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent identity=Topic
4	capture	participle		the animals not said here	night	vn steal-10.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

By their footprints and the tracks they left behind

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	3 footprints	case
2	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 footprints	nmod:poss
3	footprints	footprint	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 tracks	cc
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 tracks	det
6	tracks	track	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 footprints	conj
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 left	nsubj
8	left	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 footprints	acl:relcl
9	behind	behind	ADV	_	8 left	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leave behind	past	tracks = track	their footprints and the tracks not said here				behind property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent footprint=Theme

Option 2

By smell, by touch, by the manner of their kicking, and by the sound they made when the hunter knocked them over at last

The tree, 24 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	2 smell	case
2	smell	smell	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 touch	punct
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 touch	case
5	touch	touch	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 smell	conj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 manner	punct
7	by	by	ADP	_	9 manner	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 manner	det
9	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 smell	conj
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 kicking	case
11	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 kicking	nmod:poss
12	kicking	kicking	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 manner	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 made	punct
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 made	cc
15	by	by	ADP	_	17 sound	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 sound	det
17	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 made	obl
18	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 made	nsubj
19	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 smell	acl:relcl
20	when	when	SCONJ	_	23 knocked	mark
21	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	22 hunter	det
22	hunter	hunter	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 knocked	nsubj
23	knocked	knock	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	19 made	advcl
24	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	23 knocked	obj
25	over	over	ADP	_	23 knocked	compound:prt
26	at	at	ADP	_	27 last	case
27	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 knocked	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	make	past	smell	smell and touch and the manner of smell's kicking not said here		by the sound	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset smell=Product
2	knock over	past	the hunter	smell	last		vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent they=Theme at last=Destination
3	kick		smell				nom kicking «act transitive»: poss=agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

By smell, by touch and by the manner of their kicking

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	2 smell	case
2	smell	smell	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 touch	punct
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 touch	case
5	touch	touch	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 smell	conj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 manner	cc
7	by	by	ADP	_	9 manner	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 manner	det
9	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 smell	conj
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 kicking	case
11	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 kicking	nmod:poss
12	kicking	kicking	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 manner	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	kick		smell						nom kicking «act transitive»: poss=agent

Option 4

By their colour and their size

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	3 colour	case
2	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 colour	nmod:poss
3	colour	colour	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 size	cc
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 size	nmod:poss
6	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 colour	conj

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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