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Test 16 · ★ · Just So Stories, How the First Letter Was Written, part 3:…

★★★ The Head Chief says «some day men will call it writing. At present it is only pictures.» What is the difference he means?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: ★, day men, present, difference · What happens: say, call, be, mean · To what, where: Chief, pictures, present, difference · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 16 · ★ of lesson 86 «Just So Stories, How the First Letter Was Written, part 3: «a great invention» and the road on Merrow Down» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: ★★★ The Head Chief says «some day men will call it writing.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	★	★	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 says	nsubj
2	★	★	X	Foreign=Yes	1 ★	dep
3	★	★	ADP	_	6 Chief	case
4	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Chief	det
5	Head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 Chief	compound
6	Chief	Chief	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 ★	nmod
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 call	punct
9	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	11 men	det
10	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 men	compound
11	men	man	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 call	nsubj
12	will	will	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 call	aux
13	call	call	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 says	ccomp
14	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 call	obj
15	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 call	xcomp
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	★ ★ the Head Chief						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	call in a quote	future	some day men	Chief					vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: At present it is only pictures.»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	At	at	ADP	_	2 present	case
2	present	present	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 pictures	obl
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 pictures	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 pictures	cop
5	only	only	ADV	_	6 pictures	advmod
6	pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 pictures	punct
8	»	»	PUNCT	_	6 pictures	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	present	pictures		present			tree rules

Sentence 3: What is the difference he means?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 difference	det
4	difference	difference	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
5	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 means	nsubj
6	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 difference	acl:relcl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the difference						tree rules
2	mean	present	★	the difference not said here					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difference=Topic

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Writing is drawn with a shark's tooth, pictures with a stick

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drawn	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 drawn	aux:pass
3	drawn	draw	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	8 tooth	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 shark	det
6	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tooth	nmod:poss
7	's	's	PART	_	6 shark	case
8	tooth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drawn	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 pictures	punct
10	pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 tooth	conj
11	with	with	ADP	_	13 stick	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 stick	det
13	stick	stick	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drawn	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	present · passive		Writing				with a shark's tooth and pictures; with a stick	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2

Pictures are bigger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 bigger	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 bigger	cop
3	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Pictures					big property	tree rules

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Writing fixes exact words, pictures do not

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 fixes	nsubj
2	fixes	fix	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	exact	exact	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 words	amod
4	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 fixes	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 do	punct
6	pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 do	nsubj
7	do	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 fixes	parataxis
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	7 do	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fix	present	Writing	exact words					vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent word=Patient
2	not do	present	pictures						vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Writing has colours

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	colours	colour	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Writing	colours					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/books/86-justso-first-letter-3-a-great-invention/t16/