Exam question 2 · Gases all around: breath and balloons

It is given that the air within a balloon is heated. Select the statement most accurately characterising the consequence.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, statement · What happens: give, heat, select, characteris · To what, where: It, air, statement, consequence

This is exam question 2 of lesson 20 «Gases all around: breath and balloons» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that the air within a balloon is heated.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	11 heated	mark
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 air	det
6	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 heated	nsubj:pass
7	within	within	ADP	_	9 balloon	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 balloon	det
9	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 air	nmod
10	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 heated	aux:pass
11	heated	heat	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 given	advcl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	heat	present · passive		the air within a balloon					vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Select the statement most accurately characterising the consequence.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 statement	det
3	statement	statement	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	5 accurately	advmod
5	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	6 characterising	advmod
6	characterising	characteris	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 statement	acl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 consequence	det
8	consequence	consequence	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 characterising	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the statement					vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statement=Theme
2	characteris	gerund	the statement not said here	the consequence				accurately property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The air expands, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and the balloon rises

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 air	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 expands	nsubj
3	expands	expand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 becomes	punct
5	becomes	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 expands	conj
6	lighter	light	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 becomes	xcomp
7	than	than	ADP	_	10 air	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 air	det
9	surrounding	surround	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 air	amod
10	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 lighter	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 rises	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 rises	cc
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 balloon	det
14	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 rises	nsubj
15	rises	rise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 expands	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	expand	present	the air		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	become	present	the air not said here	light property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
3	surround	gerund			vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme
4	rise	present	the balloon		vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2

The air contracts and the balloon descends

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 contracts	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 contracts	compound
3	contracts	contract	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 descends	nsubj
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 balloon	cc
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 balloon	det
6	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 contracts	conj
7	descends	descend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	descend	present	the air contracts and the balloon						vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

The air becomes heavier and more compressed, and the balloon remains wholly stationary

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 air	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 becomes	nsubj
3	becomes	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	heavier	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 becomes	xcomp
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 compressed	cc
6	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	7 compressed	advmod
7	compressed	compressed	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 heavier	conj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 remains	punct
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 remains	cc
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 balloon	det
11	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 remains	nsubj
12	remains	remain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 becomes	conj
13	wholly	wholly	ADV	_	14 stationary	advmod
14	stationary	stationary	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 remains	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	become	present	the air					heavy property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
2	remain	present	the balloon	stationary					vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stationary=Attribute

Option 4

The air is converted into helium

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 air	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 converted	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 converted	aux:pass
4	converted	convert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	into	into	ADP	_	6 helium	case
6	helium	helium	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 converted	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	convert	present · passive		the air				into helium result	vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V NP.patient PP.result»: subject=Patient into helium=Result

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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