Exam question 3 · Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were"…

Select the definition consistent with established usage of the term "code-switching".

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you · What happens: select, establish, use · To what, where: definition, term

This is exam question 3 of lesson 38 «Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing» of the English course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 definition	det
3	definition	definition	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	7 usage	case
6	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 usage	amod
7	usage	usage	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 consistent	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 term	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 term	det
10	term	term	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 usage	nmod
11	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 switching	punct
12	code	code	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 switching	compound
13	-	-	PUNCT	_	14 switching	punct
14	switching	switching	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 term	appos
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 switching	punct
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the definition	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent definition=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	use			the term		nom usage «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The alteration of one's manner of speech according to audience and situation

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 alteration	det
2	alteration	alteration	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	6 manner	case
4	one	one	PRON	Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 manner	nmod:poss
5	's	's	PART	_	4 one	case
6	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 alteration	nmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 speech	case
8	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 manner	nmod
9	according	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 audience	case
10	to	to	ADP	_	9 according	fixed
11	audience	audience	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 speech	nmod
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 situation	cc
13	situation	situation	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 audience	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accord	gerund							vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent
2	alter			one's manner of speech accord audience and situation					nom alteration «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

The replacement of letters by numerals

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 replacement	det
2	replacement	replacement	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 letters	case
4	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 replacement	nmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 numerals	case
6	numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 replacement	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	replace		numerals	letters					nom replacement «act transitive»: of=patient by=agent

Option 3

The encryption of messages by means of a cipher

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 encryption	det
2	encryption	encryption	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 means	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 messages	case
4	messages	message	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 encryption	nmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	4 messages	nmod
6	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 cipher	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 cipher	det
9	cipher	cipher	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 means	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	the encryption of messages					of a cipher	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
2	encrypt			messages					nom encryption «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

The translation of English into a foreign language

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 translation	det
2	translation	translation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 English	case
4	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 translation	nmod
5	into	into	ADP	_	8 language	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 language	det
7	foreign	foreign	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 language	amod
8	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 translation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	translate		English			a foreign language			nom translation «communication intransitive»: of=agent into=place

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/e3/