Exam question 1 · Outdoor games, playgrounds and the rules of sports

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the correct position for sledding?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: correct position

This is exam question 1 of lesson 304 «Outdoor games, playgrounds and the rules of sports» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 position	det
10	correct	correct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 position	amod
11	position	position	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
12	for	for	ADP	_	13 sledding	case
13	sledding	sledding	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 position	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the correct position				of the following statements; for sledding; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Lying head first upon the sled, for the purpose of greater speed and better steering

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lying	lie	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Lying	obj
3	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	1 Lying	advmod
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 sled	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 sled	det
6	sled	sled	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Lying	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 purpose	punct
8	for	for	ADP	_	10 purpose	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 purpose	det
10	purpose	purpose	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Lying	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 speed	case
12	greater	great	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	13 speed	amod
13	speed	speed	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 purpose	nmod
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 steering	cc
15	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	16 steering	amod
16	steering	steering	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 speed	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lie	gerund		head				upon the sled; for the purpose of greater speed and better steering; first property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location head=Theme
2	purpose		greater speed and better steering						nom purpose «cognition intransitive»: of=agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Sitting up and feet first, on a hill away from roads, trees and ponds

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sitting	sit	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	up	up	ADP	_	1 Sitting	compound:prt
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 feet	cc
4	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Sitting	conj
5	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	1 Sitting	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 hill	punct
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 hill	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 hill	det
9	hill	hill	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Sitting	obl
10	away	away	ADV	_	12 roads	advmod
11	from	from	ADP	_	12 roads	case
12	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Sitting	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 trees	punct
14	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 roads	conj
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 ponds	cc
16	ponds	pond	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 roads	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sit up	gerund				a hill		from roads and trees and ponds; first property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hill=Location

Option 3

Standing upright upon the sled

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Standing	stand	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	upright	upright	ADV	_	1 Standing	advmod
3	upon	upon	ADP	_	5 sled	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 sled	det
5	sled	sled	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Standing	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stand	gerund				the sled		upright property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent upon sled=Location

Option 4

Kneeling backwards upon the sled, so as to observe those approaching from behind

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Kneeling	kneel	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	backwards	backwards	ADV	_	1 Kneeling	advmod
3	upon	upon	ADP	_	5 sled	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 sled	det
5	sled	sled	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Kneeling	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 observe	punct
7	so	so	ADV	_	10 observe	advmod
8	as	as	SCONJ	_	10 observe	mark
9	to	to	PART	_	10 observe	mark
10	observe	observe	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Kneeling	conj
11	those	that	PRON	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	10 observe	obj
12	approaching	approach	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 observe	xcomp
13	from	from	ADP	_	14 behind	case
14	behind	behind	ADV	_	12 approaching	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	kneel	gerund		the sled	backwards property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent upon sled=Location
2	observe	to-infinitive	those			tree rules
3	approach	gerund				vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from behind=Initial_Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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