Exam question 3 · Jake, always in bruises
It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observing an elder sibling do so. Identify the principal reason.
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: younger sibling, you · What happens: give, commence, fight, observe, do, identify · To what, where: It, elder sibling, principal reason
This is exam question 3 of lesson 372 «Jake, always in bruises» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: It is given that a younger sibling commences fighting after observing an elder sibling do so.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 given | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 given | aux:pass |
| 3 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 commences | mark |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 sibling | det |
| 6 | younger | young | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 7 sibling | amod |
| 7 | sibling | sibling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 commences | nsubj |
| 8 | commences | commence | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 given | advcl |
| 9 | fighting | fight | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 commences | xcomp |
| 10 | after | after | SCONJ | _ | 11 observing | mark |
| 11 | observing | observe | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 9 fighting | advcl |
| 12 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 sibling | det |
| 13 | elder | elder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 sibling | compound |
| 14 | sibling | sibling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 observing | obj |
| 15 | do | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 given | parataxis |
| 16 | so | so | ADV | _ | 15 do | advmod |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 given | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | give | present · passive | It | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 2 | commence | present | a younger sibling | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | fight | gerund | a younger sibling not said here | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | observe | gerund | a younger sibling not said here | a elder sibling | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent sibling=Topic | ||||
| 5 | do | present | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Identify the principal reason.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Identify | identify | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 reason | det |
| 3 | principal | principal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 reason | amod |
| 4 | reason | reason | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Identify | obj |
| 5 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Identify | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | identify | imperative | you not said here | the principal reason | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer
Younger children imitate conduct more readily than they heed instruction
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Younger | young | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 2 children | amod |
| 2 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 imitate | nsubj |
| 3 | imitate | imitate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | conduct | conduct | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 imitate | obj |
| 5 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 6 readily | advmod |
| 6 | readily | readily | ADV | _ | 3 imitate | advmod |
| 7 | than | than | SCONJ | _ | 9 heed | mark |
| 8 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 heed | nsubj |
| 9 | heed | heed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 imitate | advcl |
| 10 | instruction | instruction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 heed | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | imitate | present | Younger children | conduct | readily property | vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conduct=Theme | |||
| 2 | heed | present | children = child | instruction | vn abide_by-93.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instruction=Theme |
Option 2
Younger children are invariably more aggressive
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Younger | young | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 2 children | amod |
| 2 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 aggressive | nsubj |
| 3 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 aggressive | cop |
| 4 | invariably | invariably | ADV | _ | 5 more | advmod |
| 5 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 6 aggressive | advmod |
| 6 | aggressive | aggressive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Younger children | aggressive property | tree rules |
Option 3
Fighting is transmitted from one generation to another by inheritance alone
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fighting | fighting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 transmitted | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 transmitted | aux:pass |
| 3 | transmitted | transmit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | from | from | ADP | _ | 6 generation | case |
| 5 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 6 generation | nummod |
| 6 | generation | generation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 transmitted | obl |
| 7 | to | to | ADP | _ | 8 another | case |
| 8 | another | another | DET | PronType=Ind | 3 transmitted | obl |
| 9 | by | by | ADP | _ | 10 inheritance | case |
| 10 | inheritance | inheritance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 transmitted | obl |
| 11 | alone | alone | ADV | _ | 3 transmitted | advmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | transmit | present · passive | inheritance | Fighting | from one generation | to another; alone property | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme from generation=Initial_Location to another=Destination |
Option 4
The younger sibling was instructed to fight
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 sibling | det |
| 2 | younger | young | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 3 sibling | amod |
| 3 | sibling | sibling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 instructed | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 instructed | aux:pass |
| 5 | instructed | instruct | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 fight | mark |
| 7 | fight | fight | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 instructed | xcomp |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | instruct speech: other | past · passive | the younger sibling | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP how S_INF»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | fight | to-infinitive | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/everyday/372-jake-always-in-bruises/e3/