Exam question 4 · Bystanders: the crowd, the phone and the ones who help

It is given that a pupil was injured upon striking his head against a kerb. State the conclusion consistent with the established facts concerning bystanders who cheered.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: pupil, you, concerning bystanders · What happens: give, be, strike, state, establish, cheer · To what, where: It, head, conclusion

This is exam question 4 of lesson 393 «Bystanders: the crowd, the phone and the ones who help» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that a pupil was injured upon striking his head against a kerb.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 injured	mark
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 pupil	det
6	pupil	pupil	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 injured	nsubj
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 injured	cop
8	injured	injured	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 given	advcl
9	upon	upon	SCONJ	_	10 striking	mark
10	striking	strike	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 injured	advcl
11	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 head	nmod:poss
12	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 striking	obj
13	against	against	ADP	_	15 kerb	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 kerb	det
15	kerb	kerb	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 striking	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It		vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	is	past	a pupil		injured property	tree rules
3	strike	gerund	a pupil not said here	pupil's head	against a kerb	vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent head=Instrument against kerb=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: State the conclusion consistent with the established facts concerning bystanders who cheered.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	State	state	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 conclusion	det
3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 State	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 State	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concerning	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 bystanders	amod
10	bystanders	bystander	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 facts	conj
11	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 cheered	nsubj
12	cheered	cheer	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 bystanders	acl:relcl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 State	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	state speech: other	imperative	you not said here	the conclusion	consistent property	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent conclusion=Topic
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	cheer	past	concerning bystanders			vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer

The options

Option 1

They bear no connection whatever to the harm that occurred

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 bear	nsubj
2	bear	bear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 connection	det
4	connection	connection	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 bear	obj
5	whatever	whatever	PRON	PronType=Rel	2 bear	obj
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 harm	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 harm	det
8	harm	harm	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 bear	obl
9	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 occurred	nsubj
10	occurred	occur	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 harm	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	present	They	no connection				to the harm	vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent connection=Beneficiary whatever=Patient
2	occur	past	the harm						vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2

They are exempt from blame because they did not themselves strike a blow

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 exempt	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 exempt	cop
3	exempt	exempt	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 blame	case
5	blame	blame	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exempt	obl
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	11 strike	mark
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 strike	nsubj
8	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 strike	aux
9	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	11 strike	advmod
10	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	11 strike	nsubj
11	strike	strike	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 exempt	advcl
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 blow	det
13	blow	blow	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 strike	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	They			blame		exempt property	tree rules
2	not strike	past · do-support	they	a blow					vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent blow=Patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Their encouragement formed part of the conduct that led to the harm

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 encouragement	nmod:poss
2	encouragement	encouragement	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	nsubj
3	formed	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	part	part	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 conduct	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 conduct	det
7	conduct	conduct	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 part	nmod
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 led	nsubj
9	led	lead	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 conduct	acl:relcl
10	to	to	ADP	_	12 harm	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 harm	det
12	harm	harm	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 led	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	form	past	Their encouragement	part of the conduct		vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location part=Theme
2	lead	past	the conduct		to the harm	vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to harm=Patient
3	encourage		Their = they			nom encouragement «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Option 4

They acted as neutral observers only

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 acted	nsubj
2	acted	act	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	as	as	ADP	_	5 observers	case
4	neutral	neutral	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 observers	amod
5	observers	observer	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 acted	obl
6	only	only	ADV	_	2 acted	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	act	past	They					as neutral observers	vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as observer=Attribute

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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