Exam question 3 · Latin America and the Caribbean

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the population of the Americas subsequent to the year 1492.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, population

This is exam question 3 of lesson 14 «Latin America and the Caribbean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 population	det
11	population	population	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 Americas	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 Americas	det
14	Americas	AMERICAS	PROPN	Number=Plur	11 population	nmod
15	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 concerning	xcomp
16	to	to	ADP	_	18 year	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 year	det
18	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 subsequent	obl
19	1492	1492	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	18 year	flat
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the population of the Americas	subsequent property	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus population=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The Indigenous population increased substantially owing to European trade

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 population	det
2	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 population	amod
3	population	population	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 increased	nsubj
4	increased	increase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	substantially	substantially	ADV	_	4 increased	advmod
6	owing	owe	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 increased	advcl
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 trade	case
8	European	European	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 trade	amod
9	trade	trade	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 owing	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	increase	past	the Indigenous population					substantially property	vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	owe	gerund	the Indigenous population not said here					to European trade goal	vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to trade=Goal

Option 2

The Indigenous population remained unchanged

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 population	det
2	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 population	amod
3	population	population	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 remained	nsubj
4	remained	remain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	unchanged	unchanged	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 remained	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	remain	past	the Indigenous population					unchanged property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

The Indigenous population declined catastrophically, chiefly owing to introduced diseases, warfare and forced labour

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 population	det
2	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 population	amod
3	population	population	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 declined	nsubj
4	declined	decline	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	catastrophically	catastrophically	ADV	_	4 declined	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 owing	punct
7	chiefly	chiefly	ADV	_	8 owing	advmod
8	owing	owe	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 declined	advcl
9	to	to	ADP	_	11 diseases	case
10	introduced	introduce	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 diseases	amod
11	diseases	disease	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 owing	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 warfare	punct
13	warfare	warfare	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 diseases	conj
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 labour	cc
15	forced	force	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 labour	amod
16	labour	labour	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 diseases	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	decline	past	the Indigenous population	catastrophically property	vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
2	owe	gerund	the Indigenous population not said here	to introduced diseases and warfare and forced labour goal; chiefly property	vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to disease=Goal
3	introduce	participle			vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
4	force	participle			vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 4

The Indigenous population emigrated voluntarily to Europe

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 population	det
2	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 population	amod
3	population	population	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 emigrated	nsubj
4	emigrated	emigrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	voluntarily	voluntarily	ADV	_	4 emigrated	advmod
6	to	to	ADP	_	7 Europe	case
7	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 emigrated	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	emigrate	past	the Indigenous population			Europe		voluntarily property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to europe=Initial_Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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