Exam question 4 · Mountains and highlands

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the phenomenon of the rain shadow.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, phenomenon

This is exam question 4 of lesson 17 «Mountains and highlands» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 phenomenon	det
11	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 shadow	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 shadow	det
14	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 shadow	compound
15	shadow	shadow	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 phenomenon	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the phenomenon of the rain shadow		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus phenomenon=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Rain falls exclusively upon the leeward side

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 falls	nsubj
2	falls	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	2 falls	advmod
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	7 side	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 side	det
6	leeward	leeward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 side	amod
7	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 falls	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fall	present	Rain			the leeward side		exclusively property	vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon side=Location

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Moist air, forced upward by mountains, discharges its rain upon the windward side, leaving the leeward side arid

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Moist	moist	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 air	amod
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 discharges	nsubj
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 forced	punct
4	forced	force	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 air	acl
5	upward	upward	ADV	_	4 forced	advmod
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 mountains	case
7	mountains	mountain	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 forced	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 air	punct
9	discharges	discharge	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 rain	nmod:poss
11	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 discharges	obj
12	upon	upon	ADP	_	15 side	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 side	det
14	windward	windward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 side	amod
15	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 discharges	obl
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 leaving	punct
17	leaving	leave	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	9 discharges	advcl
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 side	det
19	leeward	leeward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 side	amod
20	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 leaving	obj
21	arid	arid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 leaving	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	force	participle		Moist air not said here	by mountains; upward property	vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	discharge	present	Moist air	air's rain	upon the windward side	vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rain=Theme
3	leave	gerund	Moist air not said here	the leeward side	arid property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent side=Theme
4	rain		air			nom rain «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent

Option 3

Mountains generate rainfall of themselves irrespective of the wind

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mountains	mountain	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 generate	nsubj
2	generate	generate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	rainfall	rainfall	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 generate	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 themselves	case
5	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	3 rainfall	nmod
6	irrespective	irrespective	ADV	_	2 generate	advmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 wind	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 wind	det
9	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 generate	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	generate	present	Mountains	rainfall of Mountains				of the wind; irrespective property	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rainfall=Patient

Option 4

The rain shadow is the shade cast beneath a cloud

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 shadow	det
2	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shadow	compound
3	shadow	shadow	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 cast	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 shade	cop
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 shade	det
6	shade	shade	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shadow	conj
7	cast	cast	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	10 cloud	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 cloud	det
10	cloud	cloud	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 cast	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the rain shadow and the shade not said here	the shade					tree rules
2	cast	past	the rain shadow and the shade			a cloud			vn throw-17.1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent beneath cloud=Destination

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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