Exam question 3 · Straits: Bosporus, Gibraltar, Malacca, Hormuz and the othe…

Ascertain the principal consequence of the Sound Dues levied by the Kingdom of Denmark between 1429 and 1857.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: ascertain, levy · To what, where: principal consequence, Sound Dues

This is exam question 3 of lesson 19 «Straits: Bosporus, Gibraltar, Malacca, Hormuz and the other narrow doors» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 consequence	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 consequence	amod
4	consequence	consequence	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	8 Dues	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 Dues	det
7	Sound	Sound	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 Dues	compound
8	Dues	Due	PROPN	Number=Plur	4 consequence	nmod
9	levied	levy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 Dues	acl
10	by	by	ADP	_	12 Kingdom	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 Kingdom	det
12	Kingdom	Kingdom	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 levied	obl:agent
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 Denmark	case
14	Denmark	Denmark	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 Kingdom	nmod
15	between	between	ADP	_	16 1429	case
16	1429	1429	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	9 levied	obl
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 1857	cc
18	1857	1857	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	16 1429	conj
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	the principal consequence of the Sound Dues					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent consequence=Topic
2	levy	participle		the Sound Dues not said here				between 1429	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The Øresund was closed to all foreign shipping in perpetuity, and the Baltic trade consequently ceased

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Øresund	det
2	Øresund	Øresund	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 closed	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 closed	aux:pass
4	closed	close	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	8 shipping	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 shipping	det
7	foreign	foreign	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 shipping	amod
8	shipping	shipping	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 closed	obl
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 perpetuity	case
10	perpetuity	perpetuity	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 shipping	nmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 ceased	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 ceased	cc
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 trade	det
14	Baltic	baltic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 trade	amod
15	trade	trade	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 ceased	nsubj:pass
16	consequently	consequently	ADV	_	17 ceased	advmod
17	ceased	cease	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 closed	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	close	past · passive		the Øresund	all foreign shipping in perpetuity				vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Patient to shipping=Recipient
2	cease	participle · passive		the Baltic trade				consequently property	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality

Option 2

Swedish vessels were exempted from all tolls and thereby obtained a monopoly of the Baltic trade

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Swedish	Swedish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 vessels	amod
2	vessels	vessel	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 exempted	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 exempted	aux:pass
4	exempted	exempt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 tolls	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	7 tolls	det
7	tolls	toll	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 exempted	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 obtained	cc
9	thereby	thereby	ADV	_	10 obtained	advmod
10	obtained	obtain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 exempted	conj
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 monopoly	det
12	monopoly	monopoly	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 obtained	obj
13	of	of	ADP	_	16 trade	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 trade	det
15	Baltic	baltic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 trade	amod
16	trade	trade	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 monopoly	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exempt	past · passive		Swedish vessels		all tolls			tree rules
2	obtain	past		a monopoly of the Baltic trade				thereby property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset monopoly=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Every foreign vessel transiting the Øresund was obliged to pay a toll, a substantial source of Danish revenue

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	3 vessel	det
2	foreign	foreign	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 vessel	amod
3	vessel	vessel	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	transiting	transit	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 vessel	acl
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Øresund	det
6	Øresund	Øresund	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 obliged	nsubj:pass
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 obliged	aux:pass
8	obliged	oblige	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 transiting	ccomp
9	to	to	PART	_	10 pay	mark
10	pay	pay	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 obliged	xcomp
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 toll	det
12	toll	toll	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 pay	obj
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 source	punct
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 source	det
15	substantial	substantial	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 source	amod
16	source	source	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 vessel	conj
17	of	of	ADP	_	19 revenue	case
18	Danish	danish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 revenue	amod
19	revenue	revenue	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 source	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	transit	gerund	every foreign vessel and a substantial source of Danish revenue not said here		tree rules
2	oblige	past · passive		the Øresund	vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: subject=Patient clause=Result
3	pay	to-infinitive		a toll	vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toll=Asset

Option 4

Danish vessels were prohibited from entering the Baltic Sea, which thereby passed under Swedish control

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Danish	danish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 vessels	amod
2	vessels	vessel	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 prohibited	nsubj:pass
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 prohibited	aux:pass
4	prohibited	prohibit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	from	from	SCONJ	_	6 entering	mark
6	entering	enter	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 prohibited	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Sea	det
8	Baltic	Baltic	PROPN	_	9 Sea	compound
9	Sea	Sea	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 entering	obj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 passed	punct
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 passed	nsubj
12	thereby	thereby	ADV	_	13 passed	advmod
13	passed	pass	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 Sea	acl:relcl
14	under	under	ADP	_	16 control	case
15	Swedish	Swedish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 control	amod
16	control	control	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 passed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	prohibit	past · passive		Danish vessels				vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	enter	gerund			the Baltic Sea			vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme sea=Destination
3	pass	past	the Baltic Sea			Swedish control	thereby property	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme under control=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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