Exam question 1 · Resources and what countries trade

Identify the principal reason for which states engage in international trade.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, states · What happens: identify, engage · To what, where: principal reason, international trade

This is exam question 1 of lesson 27 «Resources and what countries trade» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 engage	obl
7	states	state	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 engage	nsubj
8	engage	engage	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 reason	acl:relcl
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 trade	case
10	international	international	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 trade	amod
11	trade	trade	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 engage	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	engage	present	states					in international trade goal; for the principal reason	vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent in trade=Goal

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Each state produces all goods efficiently but wishes to dispose of surplus

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	2 state	det
2	state	state	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 produces	nsubj
3	produces	produce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 goods	det
5	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	3 produces	obj
6	efficiently	efficiently	ADV	_	3 produces	advmod
7	but	but	CCONJ	_	8 wishes	cc
8	wishes	wish	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 produces	conj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 dispose	mark
10	dispose	dispose	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 wishes	xcomp
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 surplus	case
12	surplus	surplus	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 dispose	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	produce	present	each state	all goods	efficiently property	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Result
2	wish	present	each state not said here			vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme
3	dispose not said to happen	to-infinitive	each state not said here		of surplus	vn addict-96 «NP V NP PP.Theme»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

No state can produce all goods efficiently, so each exchanges what it produces best

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	2 state	det
2	state	state	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 produce	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 produce	aux
4	produce	produce	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	6 goods	det
6	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	4 produce	obj
7	efficiently	efficiently	ADV	_	4 produce	advmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 exchanges	punct
9	so	so	ADV	_	11 exchanges	advmod
10	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	11 exchanges	nsubj
11	exchanges	exchange	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 produce	parataxis
12	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	14 produces	obj
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 produces	nsubj
14	produces	produce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 exchanges	ccomp
15	best	good	ADJ	Degree=Sup	11 exchanges	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	produce	can	no state	all goods	efficiently property	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Result
2	exchange	present	each	best		tree rules
3	produce	present	state			vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Result

Option 3

International law compels each state to trade a fixed and equal quantity of goods each year

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	International	international	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 law	amod
2	law	law	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 compels	nsubj
3	compels	compel	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	5 state	det
5	state	state	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 compels	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 trade	mark
7	trade	trade	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 compels	advcl
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 quantity	det
9	fixed	fix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 quantity	amod
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 equal	cc
11	equal	equal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 fixed	conj
12	quantity	quantity	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 trade	obj
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 goods	case
14	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	12 quantity	nmod
15	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	16 year	det
16	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 trade	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	compel	present	International law	each state		vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent state=Patient
2	trade	to-infinitive	International law not said here	a fixed quantity of goods	year	vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quantity=Theme
3	fix	participle				vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 4

Trade is conducted solely for the purpose of collecting customs duties

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Trade	trade	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 conducted	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 conducted	aux:pass
3	conducted	conduct	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	solely	solely	ADV	_	3 conducted	advmod
5	for	for	ADP	_	7 purpose	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 purpose	det
7	purpose	purpose	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 conducted	obl
8	of	of	SCONJ	_	9 collecting	mark
9	collecting	collect	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 purpose	acl
10	customs	custom	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 duties	compound
11	duties	duty	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 collecting	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	conduct	present · passive		Trade				for the purpose; solely property	vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	collect	gerund	the purpose not said here	customs duties					vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent duty=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/27-resources-and-what-countries-trade/e1/