Exam question 1 · Igneous rocks and the rock cycle

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rocks?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: formation

This is exam question 1 of lesson 48 «Igneous rocks and the rock cycle» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 formation	det
10	formation	formation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 rocks	case
12	igneous	igneous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 rocks	amod
13	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 formation	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the formation of igneous rocks				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

They are formed by the accumulation of the shells of marine organisms

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 formed	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 formed	aux:pass
3	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 accumulation	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 accumulation	det
6	accumulation	accumulation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 shells	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 shells	det
9	shells	shell	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 accumulation	nmod
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 organisms	case
11	marine	marine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 organisms	amod
12	organisms	organism	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 shells	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present · passive	the accumulation of the shells of marine organisms	They					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme
2	accumulate			the shells of marine organisms					nom accumulation «process transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

They are formed by the alteration of rock by heat and pressure without melting

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 formed	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 formed	aux:pass
3	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 alteration	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 alteration	det
6	alteration	alteration	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 rock	case
8	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 alteration	nmod
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 heat	case
10	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 pressure	cc
12	pressure	pressure	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 heat	conj
13	without	without	SCONJ	_	14 melting	mark
14	melting	melt	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 formed	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	form	present · passive	the alteration of rock	They	by heat and pressure	vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme
2	melt	gerund	the alteration of rock not said here			vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	alter			rock		nom alteration «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

They are formed by the cementation of compacted sediment

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 formed	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 formed	aux:pass
3	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 cementation	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 cementation	det
6	cementation	cementation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 sediment	case
8	compacted	compact	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 sediment	amod
9	sediment	sediment	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cementation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present · passive	the cementation of compacted sediment	They					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme
2	compact	participle							vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

They are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 formed	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 formed	aux:pass
3	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 cooling	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 cooling	det
6	cooling	cooling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 solidification	cc
8	solidification	solidification	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cooling	conj
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 rock	case
10	molten	molten	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 rock	amod
11	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cooling	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present · passive	the cooling of molten rock and solidification	They					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme
2	cool			molten rock					nom cooling «process transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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