Exam question 2 · Rivers shaping the land

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of an oxbow lake?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: formation

This is exam question 2 of lesson 53 «Rivers shaping the land» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 formation	det
10	formation	formation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 lake	case
12	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 lake	det
13	oxbow	oxbow	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 lake	compound
14	lake	lake	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 formation	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the formation of a oxbow lake				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

A volcanic crater becomes filled with rain

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 crater	det
2	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 crater	amod
3	crater	crater	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 filled	nsubj:pass
4	becomes	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 filled	aux:pass
5	filled	fill	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 rain	case
7	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 filled	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fill	present · passive		a volcanic crater				with rain	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with rain=Instrument

Option 2

A glacier excavates a circular basin which subsequently fills with meltwater

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 glacier	det
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 excavates	nsubj
3	excavates	excavate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 basin	det
5	circular	circular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 basin	amod
6	basin	basin	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 excavates	obj
7	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 fills	nsubj
8	subsequently	subsequently	ADV	_	9 fills	advmod
9	fills	fill	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 basin	acl:relcl
10	with	with	ADP	_	11 meltwater	case
11	meltwater	meltwater	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 fills	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	excavate	present	a glacier	a circular basin					vn search-35.2 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent basin=Location
2	fill	present	a circular basin					with meltwater; subsequently property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with meltwater=Instrument

Option 3

A river is impounded by a dam near its source

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 river	det
2	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 impounded	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 impounded	aux:pass
4	impounded	impound	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 dam	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 dam	det
7	dam	dam	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 impounded	obl
8	near	near	ADP	_	10 source	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 source	nmod:poss
10	source	source	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 dam	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	impound	present · passive	a dam near river's source	a river					vn concealment-16 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A river breaches the narrow neck of a meander and abandons the loop

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 river	det
2	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 breaches	nsubj
3	breaches	breach	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 neck	det
5	narrow	narrow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 neck	amod
6	neck	neck	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 breaches	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 meander	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 meander	det
9	meander	meander	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 neck	nmod
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 abandons	cc
11	abandons	abandon	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 breaches	conj
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 loop	det
13	loop	loop	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 abandons	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breach	present	a river	the narrow neck of a meander					tree rules
2	abandon	present	a river not said here	the loop					vn leave-51.2 «NP V NP.initial_location»: agent=Theme loop=Source

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/e2/