Test 8 · ★★ · Glaciers and ice ages

Why does a U-shaped valley tell a geologist that a glacier was once there?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: shaped valley, glacier · What happens: shape, tell, be · To what, where: geologist · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 8 · ★★ of lesson 54 «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	8 tell	advmod
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 tell	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 valley	det
4	U	U	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 shaped	compound
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	4 U	punct
6	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 valley	amod
7	valley	valley	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tell	nsubj
8	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 geologist	det
10	geologist	geologist	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tell	obj
11	that	that	SCONJ	_	16 there	mark
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 glacier	det
13	glacier	glacier	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 there	nsubj
14	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	16 there	cop
15	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	16 there	advmod
16	there	there	ADV	PronType=Dem	8 tell	advcl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 tell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	shape	participle				vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
2	tell speech: assert	present · do-support	a shaped valley	a geologist		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent geologist=Recipient
3	is	past	a glacier		once, there property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Glaciers carve wide, flat-floored valleys; rivers carve V-shapes

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Glaciers	glacier	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 carve	nsubj
2	carve	carve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	wide	wide	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 valleys	amod
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 wide	punct
5	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 floored	compound
6	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 flat	punct
7	floored	floor	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 valleys	amod
8	valleys	valley	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 carve	obj
9	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 carve	punct
10	rivers	river	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 carve	nsubj
11	carve	carve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 carve	conj
12	V	v	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 shapes	compound
13	-	-	PUNCT	_	12 V	punct
14	shapes	shape	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 carve	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	carve	present	Glaciers	wide floored valleys	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent valley=Theme
2	floor	participle			tree rules
3	carve	present	rivers	V shapes	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Theme

Option 2

Rivers always make U-shapes, so a U shows an old river was there

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rivers	river	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 make	nsubj
2	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	3 make	advmod
3	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	U	U	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 shapes	compound
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	4 U	punct
6	shapes	shape	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 make	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 shows	punct
8	so	so	ADV	_	11 shows	advmod
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 U	det
10	U	U	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 shows	nsubj
11	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 make	conj
12	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 river	det
13	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 river	amod
14	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 shows	obj
15	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	16 there	cop
16	there	there	ADV	PronType=Dem	14 river	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	make	present	Rivers	U shapes	always property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shape=Product
2	show	present	a U	a old river		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent river=Recipient
3	is	past	a old river not said here		there property	tree rules

Option 3

U-shaped valleys appear after earthquakes

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	U	U	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 shaped	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 U	punct
3	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 valleys	amod
4	valleys	valley	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 appear	nsubj
5	appear	appear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	after	after	ADP	_	7 earthquakes	case
7	earthquakes	earthquake	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 appear	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shape	participle							vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
2	appear	present	shaped valleys				after earthquakes		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

U-shaped valleys are made only by wind

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	U	U	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 shaped	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 U	punct
3	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 valleys	amod
4	valleys	valley	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 made	nsubj:pass
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 made	aux:pass
6	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	only	only	ADV	_	9 wind	advmod
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 wind	case
9	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 made	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shape	participle							vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
2	make	present · passive		shaped valleys					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary wind=Product

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/t8/