Exam question 4 · Coasts and caves

Ascertain the manner in which the majority of large caves are formed.

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: you · What happens: ascertain, form · To what, where: manner, majority

This is exam question 4 of lesson 55 «Coasts and caves» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 manner	det
3	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 which	case
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 formed	obl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 majority	det
7	majority	majority	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 formed	nsubj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 caves	case
9	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 caves	amod
10	caves	cave	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 majority	nmod
11	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 formed	aux:pass
12	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 manner	acl:relcl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	the manner					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent manner=Topic
2	form	present · passive		the majority of large caves		the manner			vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

By the excavation of the ground by animals

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	3 excavation	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 excavation	det
3	excavation	excavation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 ground	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 ground	det
6	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 excavation	nmod
7	by	by	ADP	_	8 animals	case
8	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 excavation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	excavate		the ground						nom excavation «act intransitive»: of=agent

Option 2

By the cooling of molten lava within mountains of volcanic origin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	3 cooling	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 cooling	det
3	cooling	cooling	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 lava	case
5	molten	molten	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 lava	amod
6	lava	lava	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cooling	nmod
7	within	within	ADP	_	8 mountains	case
8	mountains	mountain	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 cooling	nmod
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 origin	case
10	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 origin	amod
11	origin	origin	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 mountains	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cool			molten lava				within mountains of volcanic origin	nom cooling «process transitive»: of=patient within=obl

Option 3

By the impact of meteorites

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	3 impact	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 impact	det
3	impact	impact	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 meteorites	case
5	meteorites	meteorite	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 impact	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	impact			meteorites					nom impact «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

By the slow dissolution of limestone by slightly acidic rain

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	4 dissolution	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 dissolution	det
3	slow	slow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 dissolution	amod
4	dissolution	dissolution	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 limestone	case
6	limestone	limestone	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 dissolution	nmod
7	by	by	ADP	_	10 rain	case
8	slightly	slightly	ADV	_	9 acidic	advmod
9	acidic	acidic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 rain	amod
10	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 dissolution	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dissolve		acidic rain	limestone					nom dissolution «process transitive»: of=patient by=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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