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Test 3 · ★★★ · The Aztecs and the Inca

The Inca had no writing as we know it. How did they run a huge empire?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Inca, we, they · What happens: have, know, run · To what, where: writing, huge empire

This is test 3 · ★★★ of lesson 19 «The Aztecs and the Inca» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: The Inca had no writing as we know it.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Inca	det
2	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 had	nsubj
3	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 writing	det
5	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 had	obj
6	as	as	SCONJ	_	8 know	mark
7	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	8 know	nsubj
8	know	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 had	advcl
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 know	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	the Inca	no writing					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent writing=Patient
2	know	present	we	writing					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: How did they run a huge empire?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	4 run	advmod
2	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 run	aux
3	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 run	nsubj
4	run	run	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 empire	det
6	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 empire	amod
7	empire	empire	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 run	obj
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 run	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	run	past · do-support	they	a huge empire					vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme empire=Trajectory

The options

Option 1

With letters on paper

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	With	with	ADP	_	2 letters	case
2	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	on	on	ADP	_	4 paper	case
4	paper	paper	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 letters	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

They did not run it at all; every town ruled itself

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 run	nsubj
2	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 run	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 run	advmod
4	run	run	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 run	obj
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 all	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 run	obl
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 ruled	punct
9	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	10 town	det
10	town	town	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 ruled	nsubj
11	ruled	rule	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 run	parataxis
12	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	11 ruled	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not run	past · do-support	They	it		all			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent it=Theme at all=Trajectory
2	rule	past	every town	town					vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent itself=Theme

Option 3

With telephones on poles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	With	with	ADP	_	2 telephones	case
2	telephones	telephone	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	on	on	ADP	_	4 poles	case
4	poles	pole	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 telephones	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

With quipu records, roads and fast relay runners

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	With	with	ADP	_	3 records	case
2	quipu	quipu	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 records	compound
3	records	record	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 roads	punct
5	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 records	conj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 runners	cc
7	fast	fast	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 runners	amod
8	relay	relay	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 runners	compound
9	runners	runner	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 records	conj

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/19-the-aztecs-and-the-inca/t3/