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Test 12 · How we got here: the big steps on one long timeline

Aisha's dad says people first talked «before WhatsApp». What is the honest answer?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: dad, people, honest answer · What happens: say, talk, be · To what, where: WhatsApp · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 12 of lesson 61 «How we got here: the big steps on one long timeline» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Aisha's dad says people first talked «before WhatsApp».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Aisha	Aisha	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 dad	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Aisha	case
3	dad	dad	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	nsubj
4	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 talked	nsubj
6	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	7 talked	advmod
7	talked	talk	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 says	ccomp
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 WhatsApp	punct
9	before	before	ADP	_	10 WhatsApp	case
10	WhatsApp	WhatsApp	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 talked	obj
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	7 talked	punct
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Aisha's dad						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	talk	past	people	WhatsApp				first property	vn compel-59.1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent whatsapp=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is the honest answer?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 answer	det
4	honest	honest	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 answer	amod
5	answer	answer	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the honest answer						tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Nobody knows exactly; spoken words leave no bones or stones

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	2 knows	nsubj
2	knows	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	2 knows	advmod
4	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 leave	punct
5	spoken	speak	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 words	amod
6	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 leave	nsubj
7	leave	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 knows	parataxis
8	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	9 bones	det
9	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 leave	obj
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	11 stones	cc
11	stones	stone	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 bones	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	know	present	Nobody					exactly property	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
2	speak speech: other	participle							vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	leave	present	spoken words	no bones or stones					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Theme

Option 2

When writing was invented, because speech came from letters

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	When	when	ADV	PronType=Int	4 invented	advmod
2	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 invented	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 invented	aux:pass
4	invented	invent	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 came	punct
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	8 came	mark
7	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 came	nsubj
8	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 invented	parataxis
9	from	from	ADP	_	10 letters	case
10	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 came	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent	past · passive		writing					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result
2	come	past	speech			letters			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from letter=Initial_Location

Option 3

Exactly in 3000 BC, as the Egyptian records clearly show

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Exactly	exactly	ADV	_	3 3000	advmod
2	in	in	ADP	_	3 3000	case
3	3000	3000	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	root	root
4	BC	BC	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 3000	nmod:unmarked
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 show	punct
6	as	as	SCONJ	_	11 show	mark
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 records	det
8	Egyptian	Egyptian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 records	amod
9	records	record	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 show	nsubj
10	clearly	clearly	ADV	_	11 show	advmod
11	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 3000	parataxis

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	the Egyptian records					clearly property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Only in the last 2,000 years, after the Roman Empire

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	6 years	advmod
2	in	in	ADP	_	6 years	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 years	det
4	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 years	amod
5	2,000	2000	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 years	nummod
6	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 Empire	punct
8	after	after	ADP	_	11 Empire	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 Empire	det
10	Roman	Roman	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 Empire	compound
11	Empire	Empire	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 years	conj

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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