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Test 1 · ★★ · Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies

Ivy says kings who claim God chose them are sus. What did the Mandate of Heaven add?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Ivy, kings, God, Mandate · What happens: say, claim, choose, be, add · To what, where: kings · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 · ★★ of lesson 67 «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Ivy says kings who claim God chose them are sus.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ivy	Ivy	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 says	nsubj
2	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	kings	king	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 sus	nsubj
4	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 claim	nsubj
5	claim	claim	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 kings	acl:relcl
6	God	God	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 chose	nsubj
7	chose	choose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 claim	ccomp
8	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 chose	obj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 sus	cop
10	sus	suspect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 says	ccomp
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Ivy						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	claim speech: other	present	kings						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	choose	past	God	kings = king					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
4	is	present	kings					suspect property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What did the Mandate of Heaven add?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 add	obl
2	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 add	aux
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 Mandate	det
4	Mandate	Mandate	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 add	nsubj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 Heaven	case
6	Heaven	Heaven	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 Mandate	nmod
7	add	add	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 add	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	add speech: assert	past · do-support	the Mandate of Heaven						vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Kings could never be removed, however badly they ruled

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Kings	king	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 removed	nsubj:pass
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 removed	aux
3	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	5 removed	advmod
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 removed	aux:pass
5	removed	remove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 ruled	punct
7	however	however	ADV	_	8 badly	advmod
8	badly	badly	ADV	Degree=Pos	10 ruled	advmod
9	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 ruled	nsubj
10	ruled	rule	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 removed	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not remove	could · passive		Kings					vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	rule	past	Kings = king					badly property	vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 2

Only the emperors themselves were allowed to vote

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	3 emperors	advmod
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 emperors	det
3	emperors	emperor	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 allowed	nsubj:pass
4	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	3 emperors	nmod
5	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 allowed	aux:pass
6	allowed	allow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	to	to	PART	_	8 vote	mark
8	vote	vote	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 allowed	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	allow	past · passive		the emperors emperors					vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality
2	vote not said to happen	to-infinitive	the emperors emperors not said here						vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 3

It made kings live for ever, so nobody could replace them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 made	nsubj
2	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	kings	king	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 made	obj
4	live	live	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 made	xcomp
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 ever	case
6	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	4 live	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 replace	punct
8	so	so	ADV	_	11 replace	advmod
9	nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	11 replace	nsubj
10	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	11 replace	aux
11	replace	replace	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 made	parataxis
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 replace	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	It	kings					tree rules
2	live	infinitive	kings not said here						vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	replace	could	nobody	kings = king					vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme they=Co-Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A bad ruler could lose heaven's support and be replaced

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 ruler	det
2	bad	bad	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 ruler	amod
3	ruler	ruler	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 lose	nsubj
4	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 lose	aux
5	lose	lose	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	heaven	heaven	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 support	nmod:poss
7	's	's	PART	_	6 heaven	case
8	support	support	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 lose	obj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 replaced	cc
10	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	11 replaced	aux:pass
11	replaced	replace	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 lose	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lose	could	a bad ruler	heaven's support					vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent support=Eventuality
2	replace	infinitive · passive	a bad ruler not said here						vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V PP.co-theme»
3	support		heaven						nom support «act transitive»: poss=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/t1/